含义Meaning
既能给出又能接受质子的物质(如 NaHCO₃、NaH₂PO₄、氨基酸两性离子),浓度不太稀时 pH 近似与浓度无关。
For species that can both donate and accept a proton (NaHCO₃, NaH₂PO₄, amino-acid zwitterions), pH is nearly concentration-independent when not too dilute.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(K_{a1}, K_{a2}\) | 两性物质两侧的两级解离常数dissociation constants flanking the amphiprotic species | 1 |
推导Derivation
以 HA⁻ 为参考的质子条件:\([\mathrm H^+] + [\mathrm H_2\mathrm A] = [\mathrm A^{2-}] + [\mathrm{OH^-}]\)。
Proton condition referenced to HA⁻.
代入 \([\mathrm H_2\mathrm A] = [\mathrm H^+]c/K_{a1}\)、\([\mathrm A^{2-}] = K_{a2}c/[\mathrm H^+]\)([HA⁻] ≈ c),解出 [H⁺]。
Substitute with [HA⁻] ≈ c and solve.
当 \(c \gg K_{a1}\) 且 \(K_{a2}c \gg K_w\) 时化简为几何平均。
For c ≫ Ka1 and Ka2c ≫ Kw it reduces to the geometric mean.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
稀溶液中必须用完整式。
Use the full expression for dilute solutions.
例题Worked example
NaHCO₃:pH ≈ (6.35 + 10.33)/2 = 8.34;NaH₂PO₄:(2.15 + 7.20)/2 = 4.68。
NaHCO₃: pH ≈ 8.34; NaH₂PO₄: 4.68.