点群与特征标表Point groups & character tables
分子的全部对称操作构成一个点群。特征标表的每一行是一个不可约表示:列出它在各类对称操作下的特征标,以及按该表示变换的坐标(x, y, z)、转动(Rx, Ry, Rz)和二次函数。它们直接决定分子轨道的对称性标记、红外与拉曼活性、以及哪些轨道可以相互作用。
The symmetry operations of a molecule form a point group. Each row of a character table is an irreducible representation: its characters under each class of operations, plus the coordinates (x, y, z), rotations (Rx, Ry, Rz) and quadratic functions that transform like it. These fix orbital symmetry labels, IR and Raman activity, and which orbitals can mix.
如何判断分子的点群Finding a molecule’s point group
全部点群All point groups
低对称 Low symmetry
Cn
Cnv
线形 Linear
Cnh
Dn
Dnh
- D2h乙烯, 萘, B₂H₆, 对二氯苯ethene, naphthalene, B₂H₆, p-dichlorobenzene
- D3hBF₃, PF₅, SO₃, CO₃²⁻, 环丙烷BF₃, PF₅, SO₃, CO₃²⁻, cyclopropane
- D4hXeF₄, [PtCl₄]²⁻, 反式-[CoCl₂(NH₃)₄]⁺, 环丁二烯XeF₄, [PtCl₄]²⁻, trans-[CoCl₂(NH₃)₄]⁺, cyclobutadiene
- D5h重叠式二茂铁, IF₇, C₅H₅⁻eclipsed ferrocene, IF₇, C₅H₅⁻
- D6h苯, 二苯铬 Cr(C₆H₆)₂(重叠式), 晕苯benzene, eclipsed Cr(C₆H₆)₂, coronene