含义Meaning
粒子的位置和同方向动量不能同时精确确定(1927)。这不是测量技术的限制,而是量子态的本质。能量–时间关系解释了谱线的自然宽度。
Position and momentum along the same axis cannot both be sharp (1927) — a property of quantum states, not of instruments. The energy–time relation explains natural line widths.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\Delta x, \Delta p\) | 位置、动量的标准差standard deviations of position and momentum | m, kg·m·s⁻¹ |
| \(\hbar\) | 约化普朗克常数reduced Planck constant | J·s |
| \(\Delta t\) | 态的寿命lifetime of the state | s |
推导Derivation
对任意两个算符,\(\Delta A\,\Delta B \ge \tfrac12|\langle[\hat A, \hat B]\rangle|\)(罗伯逊不等式,由柯西–施瓦茨不等式推出)。
For any operators \(\Delta A\Delta B \ge \tfrac12|\langle[\hat A,\hat B]\rangle|\) (Robertson, from Cauchy–Schwarz).
位置与动量的对易子 \([\hat x, \hat p_x] = i\hbar\),代入即得。
With \([\hat x,\hat p_x] = i\hbar\) this gives ħ/2.
高斯波包恰好取等号。
Gaussian wave packets reach equality.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
能量–时间关系不是同类算符关系(t 不是算符),含义是“寿命–线宽”。
The energy–time relation is about lifetimes and linewidths, not an operator relation.
例题Worked example
电子限制在 0.1 nm 内:Δp ≥ 5.3×10⁻²⁵ kg·m/s,对应速度不确定度约 5.8×10⁵ m/s——所以原子中不能谈电子的“轨道”。
An electron confined to 0.1 nm has Δv ≥ 5.8×10⁵ m/s — no classical orbits in atoms.