双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 原子结构与量子化起源 Atomic structure & the origins of quantisation

海森堡不确定关系Heisenberg uncertainty principle

\[\Delta x\,\Delta p_x \ge \frac\hbar2,\qquad \Delta E\,\Delta t \gtrsim \frac\hbar2\]

含义Meaning

粒子的位置和同方向动量不能同时精确确定(1927)。这不是测量技术的限制,而是量子态的本质。能量–时间关系解释了谱线的自然宽度。

Position and momentum along the same axis cannot both be sharp (1927) — a property of quantum states, not of instruments. The energy–time relation explains natural line widths.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\Delta x, \Delta p\)位置、动量的标准差standard deviations of position and momentumm, kg·m·s⁻¹
\(\hbar\)约化普朗克常数reduced Planck constantJ·s
\(\Delta t\)态的寿命lifetime of the states

推导Derivation

  1. 对任意两个算符,\(\Delta A\,\Delta B \ge \tfrac12|\langle[\hat A, \hat B]\rangle|\)(罗伯逊不等式,由柯西–施瓦茨不等式推出)。

    For any operators \(\Delta A\Delta B \ge \tfrac12|\langle[\hat A,\hat B]\rangle|\) (Robertson, from Cauchy–Schwarz).

  2. 位置与动量的对易子 \([\hat x, \hat p_x] = i\hbar\),代入即得。

    With \([\hat x,\hat p_x] = i\hbar\) this gives ħ/2.

  3. 高斯波包恰好取等号。

    Gaussian wave packets reach equality.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 能量–时间关系不是同类算符关系(t 不是算符),含义是“寿命–线宽”。

    The energy–time relation is about lifetimes and linewidths, not an operator relation.

例题Worked example

电子限制在 0.1 nm 内:Δp ≥ 5.3×10⁻²⁵ kg·m/s,对应速度不确定度约 5.8×10⁵ m/s——所以原子中不能谈电子的“轨道”。

An electron confined to 0.1 nm has Δv ≥ 5.8×10⁵ m/s — no classical orbits in atoms.