含义Meaning
把玻意耳、查理、阿伏加德罗定律合为一式,描述理想气体压强、体积、温度和物质的量的关系。
Combines Boyle’s, Charles’s and Avogadro’s laws into one equation of state.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(p\) | 压强pressure | Pa |
| \(V\) | 体积volume | m³ |
| \(n\) | 物质的量amount | mol |
| \(T\) | 热力学温度temperature | K |
| \(R\) | 摩尔气体常数molar gas constant | 8.314 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| \(k_\mathrm{B}\) | 玻尔兹曼常数 \(R/N_A\)Boltzmann constant \(R/N_A\) | 1.381×10⁻²³ J·K⁻¹ |
| \(\rho\) | 密度density | kg·m⁻³ |
推导Derivation
三条经验定律:\(V \propto 1/p\)(T, n 定)、\(V \propto T\)(p, n 定)、\(V \propto n\)(p, T 定)。
Three empirical laws: \(V \propto 1/p\), \(V \propto T\), \(V \propto n\).
合并为 \(V \propto nT/p\),比例常数记为 R:\(pV = nRT\)(克拉佩龙,1834)。
Together \(V \propto nT/p\); call the constant R: \(pV = nRT\) (Clapeyron, 1834).
分子运动论也能导出:\(pV = \tfrac13 Nm\overline{u^2}\),再用 \(\tfrac12 m\overline{u^2} = \tfrac32 k_\mathrm{B}T\)。
Kinetic theory gives it too: \(pV = \tfrac13 Nm\overline{u^2}\) with \(\tfrac12 m\overline{u^2} = \tfrac32 k_\mathrm{B}T\).
由 \(n = m/M\) 和 \(\rho = m/V\) 得密度形式 \(pM = \rho RT\),可由气体密度求摩尔质量。
With \(n = m/M\), \(\rho = m/V\): \(pM = \rho RT\), used to find molar mass from gas density.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
理想气体假设:分子本身无体积、分子间无作用力、碰撞完全弹性。
Assumes point molecules, no intermolecular forces and elastic collisions.
在低压、高温下最准确;接近液化条件(高压、低温)时偏差大,需用范德华方程等修正。
Best at low pressure and high temperature; fails near condensation — use van der Waals or virial equations.
单位要统一:SI 单位下 R = 8.314;用 L·atm 时 R = 0.08206 L·atm·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹。
Keep units consistent: R = 8.314 in SI, 0.08206 L·atm·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹.
例题Worked example
25 °C、100 kPa 下 1.00 g 某气体占 0.775 L,求 M:M = mRT/(pV) = 1.00×8.314×298/(100×0.775) = 32.0 g/mol(O₂)。
1.00 g of a gas fills 0.775 L at 25 °C and 100 kPa: M = mRT/(pV) = 32.0 g/mol (O₂).