双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
\[\text{输入} - \text{输出} + \text{生成} - \text{消耗} = \text{累积},\qquad \frac{dn_i}{dt} = F_{i,0} - F_i + \nu_i\,r\,V\]\[\text{input} - \text{output} + \text{generation} - \text{consumption} = \text{accumulation},\qquad \frac{dn_i}{dt} = F_{i,0} - F_i + \nu_i\,r\,V\]

含义Meaning

质量守恒在开放体系(过程设备)中的通用形式,是化工设计、环境模型(箱模型)的出发点。稳态时累积项为零。

Mass conservation for open systems — the starting point of process design and environmental box models. At steady state accumulation is zero.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(F_i\)组分 i 的摩尔流率molar flow rate of imol·s⁻¹
\(r\)反应速率reaction ratemol·m⁻³·s⁻¹
\(V\)反应体积reaction volumem³

推导Derivation

  1. 对选定控制体,组分 i 的物质的量变化来自流入、流出和化学反应。

    Account for flows in, out and reaction within a control volume.

  2. 总质量守恒时生成与消耗相抵;元素衡算对每种元素都成立。

    Total mass and each element are conserved.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 选取控制体与基准(时间、批次、100 mol 进料)要清楚;有多种反应时需写出每个反应的速率。

    Choose control volume and basis clearly.

例题Worked example

湖泊箱模型:稳态时污染物浓度 \(c = F_\text{in}/(Q + kV)\)(Q 为出流量,k 为一级降解速率常数)。

Lake box model at steady state: c = F_in/(Q + kV).