\[\text{输入} - \text{输出} + \text{生成} - \text{消耗} = \text{累积},\qquad \frac{dn_i}{dt} = F_{i,0} - F_i + \nu_i\,r\,V\]\[\text{input} - \text{output} + \text{generation} - \text{consumption} = \text{accumulation},\qquad \frac{dn_i}{dt} = F_{i,0} - F_i + \nu_i\,r\,V\]
含义Meaning
质量守恒在开放体系(过程设备)中的通用形式,是化工设计、环境模型(箱模型)的出发点。稳态时累积项为零。
Mass conservation for open systems — the starting point of process design and environmental box models. At steady state accumulation is zero.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(F_i\) | 组分 i 的摩尔流率molar flow rate of i | mol·s⁻¹ |
| \(r\) | 反应速率reaction rate | mol·m⁻³·s⁻¹ |
| \(V\) | 反应体积reaction volume | m³ |
推导Derivation
对选定控制体,组分 i 的物质的量变化来自流入、流出和化学反应。
Account for flows in, out and reaction within a control volume.
总质量守恒时生成与消耗相抵;元素衡算对每种元素都成立。
Total mass and each element are conserved.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
选取控制体与基准(时间、批次、100 mol 进料)要清楚;有多种反应时需写出每个反应的速率。
Choose control volume and basis clearly.
例题Worked example
湖泊箱模型:稳态时污染物浓度 \(c = F_\text{in}/(Q + kV)\)(Q 为出流量,k 为一级降解速率常数)。
Lake box model at steady state: c = F_in/(Q + kV).