定义Definition
不对称合成是使非手性或前手性底物优先生成一种对映体(或非对映体)的合成方法,产物的选择性用对映体过量(ee)或非对映体比(dr)衡量。
Asymmetric synthesis converts achiral or prochiral substrates preferentially into one enantiomer (or diastereomer); selectivity is measured as enantiomeric excess (ee) or diastereomeric ratio (dr).
四类策略Four strategies
①手性源(手性池):以天然手性分子(氨基酸、糖、萜类)为起始原料;②手性辅基:暂时连上手性基团(埃文斯噁唑烷酮、迈尔斯伪麻黄碱酰胺)控制反应面,用后除去;③手性试剂(如 Ipc₂BH);④不对称催化:少量手性催化剂产生大量手性产物,包括过渡金属催化(野依、诺尔斯、夏普莱斯)、有机催化(李斯特、麦克米伦)和酶催化。
(1) Chiral pool: start from natural chiral molecules (amino acids, sugars, terpenes); (2) chiral auxiliaries attached temporarily (Evans oxazolidinones, Myers pseudoephedrine amides); (3) chiral reagents (Ipc₂BH); (4) asymmetric catalysis — metals (Noyori, Knowles, Sharpless), organocatalysts (List, MacMillan) and enzymes.
原理Principle
手性环境使生成两种对映体的过渡态成为非对映关系、能量不同:ΔΔG‡ ≈ 11 kJ/mol 在室温即对应约 98% ee。
A chiral environment makes the two enantiomeric transition states diastereomeric and unequal in energy; ΔΔG‡ ≈ 11 kJ/mol corresponds to ~98 % ee at room temperature.
意义Significance
沙利度胺事件后药物监管要求研究每个对映体;如今多数手性新药以单一对映体上市。诺尔斯、野依、夏普莱斯(2001)以及李斯特、麦克米伦(2021)因不对称催化获诺贝尔化学奖。
After thalidomide, regulators require each enantiomer to be studied; most new chiral drugs are single enantiomers. Knowles, Noyori and Sharpless (2001) and List and MacMillan (2021) won Nobel Prizes for asymmetric catalysis.
年表Timeline
- 1904
马克瓦尔德提出“不对称合成”一词
Marckwald coins ‘asymmetric synthesis’
- 1968
诺尔斯、霍纳报道手性膦铑催化不对称氢化
Knowles and Horner report chiral-phosphine Rh hydrogenation
- 1974
孟山都 L-多巴工业不对称氢化
Monsanto’s industrial L-DOPA hydrogenation
- 2001
诺贝尔化学奖(不对称催化氢化与氧化)
Nobel Prize for asymmetric hydrogenation and oxidation
- 2021
诺贝尔化学奖(不对称有机催化)
Nobel Prize for asymmetric organocatalysis