双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
技术 · 立体化学 · 有机合成 Stereochemistry · Organic synthesis

不对称合成Asymmetric synthesis

拼音Pinyin bù duì chèn hé chéng 别名Also 手性合成;对映选择性合成;enantioselective synthesis; chiral synthesis

定义Definition

不对称合成是使非手性或前手性底物优先生成一种对映体(或非对映体)的合成方法,产物的选择性用对映体过量(ee)或非对映体比(dr)衡量。

Asymmetric synthesis converts achiral or prochiral substrates preferentially into one enantiomer (or diastereomer); selectivity is measured as enantiomeric excess (ee) or diastereomeric ratio (dr).

四类策略Four strategies

①手性源(手性池):以天然手性分子(氨基酸、糖、萜类)为起始原料;②手性辅基:暂时连上手性基团(埃文斯噁唑烷酮、迈尔斯伪麻黄碱酰胺)控制反应面,用后除去;③手性试剂(如 Ipc₂BH);④不对称催化:少量手性催化剂产生大量手性产物,包括过渡金属催化(野依、诺尔斯、夏普莱斯)、有机催化(李斯特、麦克米伦)和酶催化。

(1) Chiral pool: start from natural chiral molecules (amino acids, sugars, terpenes); (2) chiral auxiliaries attached temporarily (Evans oxazolidinones, Myers pseudoephedrine amides); (3) chiral reagents (Ipc₂BH); (4) asymmetric catalysis — metals (Noyori, Knowles, Sharpless), organocatalysts (List, MacMillan) and enzymes.

原理Principle

手性环境使生成两种对映体的过渡态成为非对映关系、能量不同:ΔΔG‡ ≈ 11 kJ/mol 在室温即对应约 98% ee。

A chiral environment makes the two enantiomeric transition states diastereomeric and unequal in energy; ΔΔG‡ ≈ 11 kJ/mol corresponds to ~98 % ee at room temperature.

意义Significance

沙利度胺事件后药物监管要求研究每个对映体;如今多数手性新药以单一对映体上市。诺尔斯、野依、夏普莱斯(2001)以及李斯特、麦克米伦(2021)因不对称催化获诺贝尔化学奖。

After thalidomide, regulators require each enantiomer to be studied; most new chiral drugs are single enantiomers. Knowles, Noyori and Sharpless (2001) and List and MacMillan (2021) won Nobel Prizes for asymmetric catalysis.

年表Timeline

  • 1904

    马克瓦尔德提出“不对称合成”一词

    Marckwald coins ‘asymmetric synthesis’

  • 1968

    诺尔斯、霍纳报道手性膦铑催化不对称氢化

    Knowles and Horner report chiral-phosphine Rh hydrogenation

  • 1974

    孟山都 L-多巴工业不对称氢化

    Monsanto’s industrial L-DOPA hydrogenation

  • 2001

    诺贝尔化学奖(不对称催化氢化与氧化)

    Nobel Prize for asymmetric hydrogenation and oxidation

  • 2021

    诺贝尔化学奖(不对称有机催化)

    Nobel Prize for asymmetric organocatalysis

相关公式Formulas

对映体过量 Enantiomeric excess→
\[ee = \frac{|n_R - n_S|}{n_R + n_S}\times 100\% \approx \frac{[\alpha]_{\text{观测}}}{[\alpha]_{\text{纯}}}\times 100\%\]\[ee = \frac{|n_R - n_S|}{n_R + n_S}\times 100\% \approx \frac{[\alpha]_{\text{obs}}}{[\alpha]_{\text{pure}}}\times 100\%\]