定义Definition
布朗斯特–劳里酸碱理论（酸碱质子理论）认为：凡能给出质子（H⁺）的物质是酸，凡能接受质子的物质是碱。酸碱反应就是质子从酸转移到碱的过程，不限于水溶液。
Brønsted–Lowry theory (the proton theory) defines an acid as any substance that donates a proton (H⁺) and a base as any substance that accepts one. An acid–base reaction is the transfer of a proton from acid to base, and it is not limited to water.
共轭酸碱对Conjugate pairs
酸给出质子后变成它的共轭碱，碱接受质子后变成它的共轭酸。HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻ 中，HCl/Cl⁻ 和 H₃O⁺/H₂O 是两对共轭酸碱。NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻ 中，水作为酸。酸越强，其共轭碱越弱。
An acid that loses a proton becomes its conjugate base, and a base that gains one becomes its conjugate acid. In HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻, HCl/Cl⁻ and H₃O⁺/H₂O are the two conjugate pairs. In NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻, water acts as the acid. The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base.
两性物质Amphoteric species
既能给出又能接受质子的物质称为两性物质，如 H₂O、HCO₃⁻、HSO₄⁻ 和氨基酸。质子理论把铵盐溶液呈酸性、碳酸钠溶液呈碱性等现象统一解释为离子与水之间的质子转移。
Species that can both donate and accept protons are amphoteric, such as H₂O, HCO₃⁻, HSO₄⁻ and amino acids. The theory explains why ammonium salts give acidic and sodium carbonate alkaline solutions as proton transfer between ions and water.
年表Timeline
- 1923
布朗斯特与劳里各自独立提出酸碱质子理论
Brønsted and Lowry independently propose the proton theory
- 1923
同年路易斯提出更普遍的电子对理论
In the same year Lewis proposes the broader electron-pair theory