催化重整Catalytic reforming

重整催化剂是双功能的：铂（常加铼或锡）提供加氢-脱氢功能，氯化氧化铝提供酸性功能。主要反应有环烷烃脱氢生成芳烃、烷烃脱氢环化、正构烷烃异构化和加氢裂化。脱氢反应强烈吸热，因此工业上用三到四个串联反应器，中间加热，温度约 480–520 °C，压力 0.35–3 MPa。

The catalyst is bifunctional: platinum, often with rhenium or tin, provides hydrogenation–dehydrogenation, and chlorided alumina provides acidity. The main reactions are dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics, dehydrocyclisation of paraffins, isomerisation of n-paraffins and hydrocracking. Dehydrogenation is strongly endothermic, so plants use three or four reactors in series with reheating between them, at about 480–520 °C and 0.35–3 MPa.

1940 年代曾用铬钼氧化物催化剂。1949 年美国环球油品公司（UOP）的豪苏尔开发出铂重整（Platforming），使高辛烷值汽油的大规模生产成为可能。1967 年铂铼双金属催化剂问世，提高了稳定性；1971 年出现催化剂连续再生（CCR）工艺，可在低压下长期运行。

Chromium–molybdenum oxide catalysts were used in the 1940s. In 1949 Vladimir Haensel at UOP developed Platforming, making large-scale high-octane gasoline possible. Bimetallic Pt–Re catalysts arrived in 1967 for better stability, and continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) came in 1971, allowing long runs at low pressure.

重整汽油辛烷值可达 95–105。重整副产的氢气是炼厂加氢精制的重要氢源。由于汽油标准限制苯含量，重整装置常与芳烃抽提装置配套，把苯、甲苯、二甲苯分离出来用于合成纤维、塑料和溶剂。

Reformate can reach octane numbers of 95–105. The by-product hydrogen is a key supply for refinery hydrotreating. Because fuel standards limit benzene, reformers are often paired with aromatics extraction units that recover benzene, toluene and xylenes for fibres, plastics and solvents.