双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
反应 · 普通化学 · 反应类型 General chemistry · Reaction types

燃烧Combustion

拼音Pinyin rán shāo 别名Also 燃烧反应; burning

定义Definition

燃烧是可燃物与氧化剂(通常是氧气)发生的剧烈放热氧化反应,一般伴有发光和火焰。烃类完全燃烧生成 CO₂ 和 H₂O,氧气不足时不完全燃烧生成 CO 和炭黑。

Combustion is a rapid, strongly exothermic oxidation of a fuel by an oxidant (usually oxygen), generally with light and flame. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons gives CO₂ and H₂O; with insufficient oxygen, incomplete combustion gives CO and soot.

燃烧条件与灭火Conditions and extinction

燃烧三要素:可燃物、助燃物(氧气)、温度达到着火点;化学上还需维持自由基链反应(燃烧四面体)。灭火即破坏其中之一:隔离可燃物、隔绝氧气(CO₂、泡沫)、降温(水)、或以卤代烷、干粉捕获自由基。

The fire triangle — fuel, oxidant and temperature above the ignition point — plus a sustained radical chain reaction (fire tetrahedron). Extinguishing removes one: fuel, oxygen (CO₂, foam), heat (water) or the chain (halons, dry powders scavenge radicals).

化学本质Chemical nature

燃烧是自由基链反应:如 H₂ + O₂ 中 H· + O₂ → ·OH + ·O· 为链支化步骤。燃烧热可用弹式量热计测定,是燃料热值(kJ/g)的依据。甲烷燃烧焓 −890 kJ/mol。

Combustion is a radical chain reaction; in H₂ + O₂, H· + O₂ → ·OH + ·O· is the branching step. Combustion enthalpies, measured by bomb calorimetry, give fuel heating values; methane releases 890 kJ/mol.

历史与环境History and environment

拉瓦锡(1770 年代)推翻燃素说,证明燃烧是物质与氧结合。化石燃料燃烧是 CO₂ 排放和 NOₓ、SO₂、颗粒物污染的主要来源。

Lavoisier (1770s) overturned phlogiston theory, showing combustion is combination with oxygen. Fossil-fuel combustion is the main source of CO₂ emissions and NOₓ, SO₂ and particulate pollution.

反应Reactions

CₓHᵧ + (x + y/4) O2 ⟶ x CO2 + (y/2) H2O

达到着火点,充足氧气

Above the ignition temperature with sufficient oxygen

  1. 点火产生自由基(链引发)。

    Ignition generates radicals (initiation).

  2. 链传递与链支化放出热量。

    Propagation and branching release heat.

  3. 自由基复合终止。

    Radical recombination terminates.

CH4 + 2 O2 ⟶ CO2 + 2 H2O ΔH = −890 kJ/mol

天然气燃烧。

Natural gas combustion.

2 C + O2 ⟶ 2 CO

不完全燃烧。

Incomplete combustion.

年表Timeline

  • 1667

    贝歇尔–施塔尔燃素说萌芽

    Becher–Stahl phlogiston theory begins

  • 1777

    拉瓦锡提出燃烧的氧化学说

    Lavoisier’s oxygen theory of combustion

  • 1928

    谢苗诺夫提出链式燃烧与爆炸理论(1956 年诺贝尔奖)

    Semenov’s chain theory of combustion and explosion (Nobel 1956)