定义Definition
燃烧是可燃物与氧化剂(通常是氧气)发生的剧烈放热氧化反应,一般伴有发光和火焰。烃类完全燃烧生成 CO₂ 和 H₂O,氧气不足时不完全燃烧生成 CO 和炭黑。
Combustion is a rapid, strongly exothermic oxidation of a fuel by an oxidant (usually oxygen), generally with light and flame. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons gives CO₂ and H₂O; with insufficient oxygen, incomplete combustion gives CO and soot.
燃烧条件与灭火Conditions and extinction
燃烧三要素:可燃物、助燃物(氧气)、温度达到着火点;化学上还需维持自由基链反应(燃烧四面体)。灭火即破坏其中之一:隔离可燃物、隔绝氧气(CO₂、泡沫)、降温(水)、或以卤代烷、干粉捕获自由基。
The fire triangle — fuel, oxidant and temperature above the ignition point — plus a sustained radical chain reaction (fire tetrahedron). Extinguishing removes one: fuel, oxygen (CO₂, foam), heat (water) or the chain (halons, dry powders scavenge radicals).
化学本质Chemical nature
燃烧是自由基链反应:如 H₂ + O₂ 中 H· + O₂ → ·OH + ·O· 为链支化步骤。燃烧热可用弹式量热计测定,是燃料热值(kJ/g)的依据。甲烷燃烧焓 −890 kJ/mol。
Combustion is a radical chain reaction; in H₂ + O₂, H· + O₂ → ·OH + ·O· is the branching step. Combustion enthalpies, measured by bomb calorimetry, give fuel heating values; methane releases 890 kJ/mol.
历史与环境History and environment
拉瓦锡(1770 年代)推翻燃素说,证明燃烧是物质与氧结合。化石燃料燃烧是 CO₂ 排放和 NOₓ、SO₂、颗粒物污染的主要来源。
Lavoisier (1770s) overturned phlogiston theory, showing combustion is combination with oxygen. Fossil-fuel combustion is the main source of CO₂ emissions and NOₓ, SO₂ and particulate pollution.
反应Reactions
达到着火点,充足氧气
Above the ignition temperature with sufficient oxygen
点火产生自由基(链引发)。
Ignition generates radicals (initiation).
链传递与链支化放出热量。
Propagation and branching release heat.
自由基复合终止。
Radical recombination terminates.
天然气燃烧。
Natural gas combustion.
不完全燃烧。
Incomplete combustion.
年表Timeline
- 1667
贝歇尔–施塔尔燃素说萌芽
Becher–Stahl phlogiston theory begins
- 1777
拉瓦锡提出燃烧的氧化学说
Lavoisier’s oxygen theory of combustion
- 1928
谢苗诺夫提出链式燃烧与爆炸理论(1956 年诺贝尔奖)
Semenov’s chain theory of combustion and explosion (Nobel 1956)