定义Definition
偶联反应是把两个有机片段连接成一个分子、形成新的 C–C 或 C–杂原子键的反应,通常由过渡金属(Pd、Ni、Cu)催化。两个相同片段相连称自偶联(均偶联),不同片段相连称交叉偶联。
A coupling reaction joins two organic fragments with a new C–C or C–heteroatom bond, usually catalysed by transition metals (Pd, Ni, Cu). Joining identical fragments is homocoupling; different fragments, cross-coupling.
通用催化循环General catalytic cycle
①氧化加成:M(0) 插入 R–X 键得 R–M(II)–X;②转金属化:亲核的有机金属试剂 R′–M′ 把 R′ 转给催化剂;③还原消除:生成 R–R′ 并再生 M(0)。赫克反应以烯烃插入/β-H 消除代替转金属化;布赫瓦尔德–哈特维希以胺配位/去质子化代替。
(1) Oxidative addition of R–X to M(0); (2) transmetalation of R′ from an organometallic R′–M′; (3) reductive elimination of R–R′, regenerating M(0). The Heck reaction replaces transmetalation by alkene insertion/β-H elimination; Buchwald–Hartwig by amine binding and deprotonation.
主要类型Main types
按亲核试剂命名:铃木(硼)、施蒂勒(锡)、根岸(锌)、熊田(镁)、桧山(硅)、薗头(端炔/铜);C–N/C–O:布赫瓦尔德–哈特维希、乌尔曼、陈–林(Chan–Lam)。新方向包括 C–H 活化偶联、光氧化还原/镍双催化、电化学偶联。
Named by nucleophile: Suzuki (B), Stille (Sn), Negishi (Zn), Kumada (Mg), Hiyama (Si), Sonogashira (alkyne/Cu); C–N/C–O: Buchwald–Hartwig, Ullmann, Chan–Lam. Newer directions: C–H activation, photoredox/nickel dual catalysis, electrochemical coupling.
意义Significance
钯催化交叉偶联获 2010 年诺贝尔化学奖(赫克、根岸、铃木),是药物、农药、液晶、OLED 材料合成中使用最广的反应之一。
Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling won the 2010 Nobel Prize (Heck, Negishi, Suzuki) and is among the most used reactions for drugs, agrochemicals, liquid crystals and OLED materials.
反应Reactions
Pd 或 Ni 催化剂、配体、碱,有机溶剂,加热
Pd or Ni catalyst, ligand and base in an organic solvent with heating
氧化加成。
Oxidative addition.
转金属化。
Transmetalation.
还原消除。
Reductive elimination.
铃木偶联合成联芳烃。
Suzuki biaryl synthesis.
年表Timeline
- 1869
格拉泽报道铜催化炔烃自偶联
Glaser reports copper-catalysed alkyne homocoupling
- 1972
熊田–玉尾偶联
Kumada–Tamao coupling
- 1979
铃木偶联
Suzuki coupling
- 2010
钯催化交叉偶联获诺贝尔奖
Nobel Prize for palladium-catalysed cross-coupling