定义Definition
环加成反应是两个(或多个)π 体系结合成环状产物、同时形成两个新 σ 键的反应,按参与的电子数(或原子数)记为 [4+2]、[2+2]、[3+2] 等。
A cycloaddition joins two (or more) π systems into a ring with two new σ bonds, labelled [4+2], [2+2], [3+2], etc. by the electrons (or atoms) contributed.
主要类型Main types
[4+2]:狄尔斯–阿尔德反应(热允许);[2+2]:烯烃二聚、帕特诺–比希反应(光允许,热禁阻;烯酮例外,可热进行);[3+2]:1,3-偶极环加成(叠氮–炔、硝酮、臭氧,热允许);[4+3]、[6+4] 等高阶环加成。
[4+2]: Diels–Alder (thermally allowed); [2+2]: alkene dimerisation, Paternò–Büchi (photochemically allowed, thermally forbidden — ketenes excepted); [3+2]: 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions (azide–alkyne, nitrones, ozone; thermal); higher-order [4+3], [6+4].
选择规则Selection rules
参与电子总数 4n+2 的同面–同面环加成热允许;4n 的需光照,或一个组分以异面方式参与。前线轨道:一个组分的 HOMO 与另一个的 LUMO 两端相位必须匹配。
Suprafacial–suprafacial cycloadditions with 4n+2 electrons are thermally allowed; 4n need light or an antarafacial component. In frontier-orbital terms the HOMO of one partner and LUMO of the other must match in phase at both ends.
应用Applications
构建六元环(甾体、萜类)、四元环(β-内酰胺的施陶丁格合成)、五元杂环(三唑、异噁唑);点击化学 CuAAC 是逐步的金属催化“环加成”。
Building six-membered rings (steroids, terpenes), four-membered rings (Staudinger β-lactam synthesis) and five-membered heterocycles (triazoles, isoxazoles); CuAAC click chemistry is a stepwise metal-catalysed ‘cycloaddition’.
反应Reactions
加热([4+2]、[3+2])或光照([2+2])
Heat ([4+2], [3+2]) or light ([2+2])
两个 π 体系接近并取合适取向。
The π systems approach in a suitable orientation.
协同(或接近协同)形成两个 σ 键。
Two σ bonds form concertedly (or nearly so).
内型选择性。
Endo selectivity.
反应机理图Mechanism
红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.
六个 π 电子环状协同移动,两根新 σ 键同时形成
Six π electrons move in a ring; both new σ bonds form at once
环己烯
Cyclohexene
年表Timeline
- 1907
施陶丁格烯酮–亚胺 [2+2]
Staudinger ketene–imine [2+2]
- 1928
狄尔斯–阿尔德反应
Diels–Alder reaction
- 1963
惠斯根 1,3-偶极环加成概念
Huisgen’s 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition concept