定义Definition
自由基加成是自由基进攻不饱和键、经自由基链机理完成加成的反应。典型例子是过氧化物存在下 HBr 对烯烃的反马氏加成(卡拉施效应)和自由基聚合。
Free-radical addition adds across unsaturated bonds by a radical chain mechanism — classically the anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr to alkenes in the presence of peroxides (Kharasch effect), and radical polymerisation.
过氧化物效应The peroxide effect
ROOR 均裂产生 RO·,RO· 夺取 HBr 的 H 生成 Br·;Br· 加到烯烃取代较少的碳上,生成更稳定的(取代更多的)碳自由基;碳自由基夺取 HBr 的 H 得产物并再生 Br·。结果 Br 连在取代少的碳上(反马氏)。
ROOR homolyses to RO·, which abstracts H from HBr to give Br·; Br· adds to the less substituted alkene carbon, forming the more stable radical, which abstracts H from HBr to give the product and regenerate Br·. Bromine ends up on the less substituted carbon (anti-Markovnikov).
为什么只有 HBrWhy only HBr
HCl 的 H–Cl 键太强,碳自由基夺 H 一步吸热;HI 中 I· 加成到烯烃吸热且可逆。只有 HBr 两个链传递步骤都放热,链反应能有效进行。
H–Cl is too strong for the H-abstraction step, and I· addition to alkenes is endothermic and reversible; only with HBr are both propagation steps exothermic.
其他例子Other examples
硫醇–烯点击反应、三丁基锡氢介导的自由基环化、原子转移自由基加成(ATRA)以及乙烯、苯乙烯、氯乙烯的自由基加聚。
Thiol–ene click reactions, tributyltin-hydride radical cyclisations, atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) and radical polymerisation of ethylene, styrene and vinyl chloride.
反应Reactions
过氧化物或光照引发
Initiation by peroxides or light
链引发:ROOR → 2RO·,RO· + HBr → ROH + Br·。
Initiation: RO· from ROOR abstracts H from HBr to give Br·.
Br· 加成生成较稳定的碳自由基。
Br· adds to give the more stable carbon radical.
碳自由基夺取 HBr 的 H,再生 Br·。
The radical abstracts H from HBr, regenerating Br·.
得 1-溴丙烷。
Gives 1-bromopropane.
反应机理图Mechanism
红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.
ROOR 产生的 Br· 加到末端碳,生成较稳定的仲自由基
Br· (from ROOR) adds to the terminal carbon, giving the more stable secondary radical
自由基从 HBr 夺取 H,再生 Br·
The radical takes H from HBr, regenerating Br·
1-溴丙烷:反马氏产物(过氧化物效应)
1-Bromopropane: anti-Markovnikov (peroxide effect)
年表Timeline
- 1933
卡拉施与梅奥发现过氧化物效应
Kharasch and Mayo discover the peroxide effect
- 1937
卡拉施等提出自由基链机理解释
Kharasch and co-workers propose the radical chain explanation