葡萄糖Glucose

开链形式为 2,3,4,5,6-五羟基己醛，含四个手性碳。C5 羟基进攻 C1 醛基形成半缩醛，得到 α 和 β 两种吡喃环端基异构体。水溶液中两者经开链式相互转化（变旋现象），平衡时约 36% α、64% β，开链式不到 0.01%。β 型中所有大基团都处于平伏键，因而更稳定。

The open chain is 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal with four stereocentres. The C5 hydroxyl attacks the C1 aldehyde to form a hemiacetal, giving α and β pyranose anomers. In water they interconvert through the open chain (mutarotation), reaching about 36% α and 64% β, with under 0.01% open chain. In the β form every large group is equatorial, so it is more stable.

1747 年马格拉夫从葡萄干中分离出葡萄糖；1838 年杜马将其命名为 glucose，源自希腊语“甜”。1891 年埃米尔·费歇尔利用立体化学推理确定了葡萄糖及其异构体的构型，因糖和嘌呤研究获得 1902 年诺贝尔化学奖。1926 年哈沃斯确定了它的环状结构。

Marggraf isolated glucose from raisins in 1747, and Dumas named it glucose in 1838, from the Greek for sweet. In 1891 Emil Fischer worked out the configurations of glucose and its isomers by stereochemical reasoning, earning the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on sugars and purines. Haworth established its ring structure in 1926.

植物通过光合作用合成葡萄糖：6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂。动物通过糖酵解、三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化将其彻底氧化，每分子约生成 30–32 个 ATP。正常人空腹血糖为 3.9–6.1 mmol/L，由胰岛素和胰高血糖素调节。工业上用淀粉酶法水解玉米淀粉生产。

Plants make glucose by photosynthesis, 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂. Animals oxidise it completely through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, yielding about 30–32 ATP per molecule. Normal fasting blood glucose is 3.9–6.1 mmol/L, controlled by insulin and glucagon. Industry makes it by enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch.