定义Definition
水解是化合物与水反应，水分子的 H 和 OH 分别加到断开的两部分上、使化学键断裂的反应。包括盐的水解、酯与酰胺的水解、糖苷与蛋白质的水解、卤代烃水解等。
Hydrolysis is the cleavage of a bond by reaction with water, with H and OH going to the two fragments. It covers salt hydrolysis, hydrolysis of esters and amides, glycosides and proteins, haloalkanes and more.
盐的水解Salt hydrolysis
弱酸根或弱碱阳离子与水作用生成弱电解质，使溶液呈碱性或酸性（如 Na₂CO₃ 溶液呈碱性，NH₄Cl、FeCl₃ 溶液呈酸性）。水解吸热，加热、稀释促进水解；配制 FeCl₃ 溶液需加盐酸抑制水解。
Anions of weak acids or cations of weak bases react with water to form weak electrolytes, making solutions basic or acidic (Na₂CO₃ basic; NH₄Cl, FeCl₃ acidic). Hydrolysis is endothermic, favoured by heating and dilution; FeCl₃ solutions are acidified to suppress it.
有机物的水解Organic hydrolysis
酯：酸催化可逆，碱性（皂化）不可逆；酰胺：需强酸或强碱长时间加热（肽键很稳定）；糖苷：酸或酶（淀粉 → 葡萄糖）；卤代烃：NaOH 水溶液 SN1/SN2 得醇；腈：先成酰胺再成酸。
Esters: reversible in acid, irreversible in base (saponification); amides: prolonged heating with strong acid or base (peptide bonds are robust); glycosides: acid or enzymes (starch → glucose); haloalkanes: aqueous NaOH by SN1/SN2 to alcohols; nitriles: via amides to acids.
生物学Biology
消化过程是大分子的酶促水解：淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶。ATP 水解为 ADP 和磷酸释放能量，驱动细胞活动。
Digestion is enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules by amylases, proteases and lipases; ATP hydrolysis to ADP and phosphate powers cellular work.
反应Reactions
酸、碱或酶催化，常需加热
Acid, base or enzyme catalysis, often with heating
水（或 OH⁻）进攻亲电中心。
Water (or OH⁻) attacks the electrophilic centre.
旧键断裂，H 与 OH 分别连到两个碎片上。
The old bond breaks, with H and OH going to the fragments.
纯碱溶液呈碱性。
Soda solution is basic.
淀粉水解为葡萄糖。
Starch hydrolysed to glucose.
年表Timeline
- 1811
基尔霍夫发现酸催化淀粉水解为葡萄糖
Kirchhoff finds acid-catalysed hydrolysis of starch to glucose
- 1833
帕扬与佩尔索发现淀粉酶（第一个酶）
Payen and Persoz discover diastase (the first enzyme)
相关公式Formulas
例题Worked example
0.10 mol/L CH₃COONa：[OH⁻] = √(10⁻¹⁴/1.8×10⁻⁵ × 0.10) = 7.5×10⁻⁶，pH = 8.87。
0.10 M sodium acetate: pH = 8.87.