雅布隆斯基图Jablonski diagram

吸收（S₀ → Sₙ）约 10⁻¹⁵ s；振动弛豫（同一电子态内降到最低振动能级）约 10⁻¹²–10⁻¹⁰ s；内转换（自旋相同的电子态间非辐射跃迁，如 S₂ → S₁）约 10⁻¹¹–10⁻⁹ s；荧光（S₁ → S₀ 发光）约 10⁻⁹–10⁻⁷ s；系间窜越（S₁ → T₁，自旋翻转）约 10⁻¹⁰–10⁻⁸ s；磷光（T₁ → S₀ 发光，自旋禁阻）约 10⁻⁶ s 至数秒甚至更长。根据卡沙规则，发光几乎总是从最低激发态（S₁ 或 T₁）发出，与激发波长无关。

Absorption (S₀ → Sₙ) takes about 10⁻¹⁵ s; vibrational relaxation to the lowest level of a state 10⁻¹²–10⁻¹⁰ s; internal conversion, a radiationless transition between states of the same spin such as S₂ → S₁, 10⁻¹¹–10⁻⁹ s; fluorescence (S₁ → S₀ emission) 10⁻⁹–10⁻⁷ s; intersystem crossing (S₁ → T₁, with a spin flip) 10⁻¹⁰–10⁻⁸ s; and phosphorescence (T₁ → S₀, spin-forbidden) from about 10⁻⁶ s to seconds or longer. By Kasha's rule emission almost always comes from the lowest excited state (S₁ or T₁), whatever the excitation wavelength.

1933 年波兰物理学家亚历山大·雅布隆斯基在研究染料分子的荧光与磷光时提出了这种能级图，用以解释为何同一种分子会有寿命差别很大的两种发光。1944 年刘易斯和卡沙证明磷光源于三重态。

In 1933 the Polish physicist Aleksander Jabłoński introduced the diagram while studying fluorescence and phosphorescence of dyes, to explain why one molecule could emit light with very different lifetimes. In 1944 Lewis and Kasha showed that phosphorescence comes from the triplet state.

雅布隆斯基图是理解荧光探针、OLED 发光材料（荧光、磷光、热活化延迟荧光 TADF）、光动力疗法（三重态光敏剂敏化单线态氧）、光催化和太阳能转换的基础。斯托克斯位移、荧光量子产率和寿命都可以在图中直观理解。

The diagram underpins understanding of fluorescent probes, OLED emitters (fluorescent, phosphorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescence, TADF), photodynamic therapy (triplet photosensitisers generating singlet oxygen), photocatalysis and solar energy conversion. Stokes shifts, quantum yields and lifetimes can all be read intuitively from it.