定义Definition
阿尔布佐夫反应是亚磷酸三烷基酯与卤代烷加热反应,生成烷基膦酸二烷基酯(形成新的 P–C 键)并放出一分子新的卤代烷的反应。
The Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction heats a trialkyl phosphite with an alkyl halide to form a dialkyl alkylphosphonate (a new P–C bond) and release a new alkyl halide.
机理Mechanism
亚磷酸酯的磷原子作亲核试剂进攻卤代烷(SN2),生成四配位的烷氧基𬭸盐;卤离子再进攻其中一个烷氧基的碳(第二次 SN2),断裂 C–O 键,生成 P=O 膦酸酯。强 P=O 键的形成是驱动力。
The phosphite phosphorus attacks the alkyl halide (SN2) to form an alkoxyphosphonium salt; the halide then attacks one alkoxy carbon (a second SN2), cleaving C–O and giving the P=O phosphonate. Formation of the strong P=O bond drives the reaction.
由来Origin
德国化学家奥古斯特·米凯利斯于 1898 年首先报道,俄国化学家亚历山大·阿尔布佐夫自 1906 年起系统研究。
First reported by the German chemist August Michaelis in 1898 and studied extensively by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Arbuzov from 1906.
应用Applications
制得的膦酸酯是霍纳-沃兹沃思-埃蒙斯(HWE)烯化反应的试剂,可选择性合成 E-烯烃。也用于合成阻燃剂、除草剂(草甘膦相关结构)和膦酸类药物。
The phosphonates are reagents for the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination giving E-alkenes, and are used for flame retardants, herbicides and phosphonate drugs.
反应Reactions
加热(120–160 °C),无溶剂;伯卤代烷最佳
Heat (120–160 °C), neat; primary halides work best
磷进攻卤代烷生成𬭸盐。
Phosphorus attacks the alkyl halide to give a phosphonium salt.
卤离子 SN2 进攻烷氧基碳。
Halide attacks an alkoxy carbon by SN2.
生成 P=O 膦酸酯和新卤代烷。
The phosphonate and a new alkyl halide form.
制备 HWE 试剂磷酰基乙酸三乙酯。
Preparation of the HWE reagent triethyl phosphonoacetate.
反应机理图Mechanism
红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.
亚磷酸三甲酯的 P 按 SN2 进攻卤代烃
The phosphorus of trimethyl phosphite attacks the halide (SN2)
Br⁻ 进攻 O–CH₃,生成 P=O
Br⁻ attacks an O–CH₃, forming P=O
甲基膦酸二甲酯
Dimethyl methylphosphonate
年表Timeline
- 1898
米凯利斯报道该反应
Michaelis reports the reaction
- 1906
阿尔布佐夫开始系统研究
Arbuzov begins systematic studies