持久性有机污染物Persistent organic pollutant

POPs 多为含卤素的芳香或多环化合物，C–Cl、C–F 键稳定，不易被水解、光解和微生物降解，半衰期可达数年到数十年。它们水溶性低、辛醇-水分配系数（log Kow）高，因此富集在脂肪组织中。由于“全球蒸馏效应”，它们在低纬度挥发、在寒冷地区沉降，北极动物和原住民体内含量偏高。

POPs are mostly halogenated aromatic or polycyclic compounds whose strong C–Cl and C–F bonds resist hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial breakdown, with half-lives of years to decades. They have low water solubility and high octanol–water partition coefficients (log Kow), so they concentrate in fat. Through 'global distillation' they evaporate at low latitudes and condense in cold regions, so Arctic wildlife and peoples carry high levels.

1939 年米勒发现 DDT 的杀虫效果，获 1948 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，DDT 在控制疟疾中发挥了巨大作用。1962 年蕾切尔·卡森在《寂静的春天》中揭示 DDT 等农药对鸟类和生态的危害，推动了现代环保运动。1968 年日本米糠油事件和 1976 年意大利塞维索二噁英泄漏，使人们认识到 PCBs 和二噁英的毒性。

Müller discovered DDT's insecticidal action in 1939 and received the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; DDT played a huge role against malaria. In 1962 Rachel Carson's Silent Spring exposed the harm DDT and other pesticides did to birds and ecosystems, launching the modern environmental movement. The 1968 Yusho rice-oil poisoning in Japan and the 1976 Seveso dioxin release in Italy revealed the toxicity of PCBs and dioxins.

2001 年签订、2004 年生效的《斯德哥尔摩公约》最初管控 12 种 POPs（“肮脏的一打”），包括艾氏剂、氯丹、DDT、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、六氯苯、灭蚁灵、毒杀芬、PCBs、二噁英和呋喃，此后不断增列 PFOS、PFOA、短链氯化石蜡等。DDT 目前仅允许在疟疾防控中有限使用。

The Stockholm Convention, signed in 2001 and in force from 2004, first covered 12 POPs, the 'dirty dozen': aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, PCBs, dioxins and furans. It has since added PFOS, PFOA, short-chain chlorinated paraffins and others. DDT is now allowed only for limited malaria control.