定义Definition
复分解反应是两种化合物互相交换成分,生成另外两种化合物的反应(AB + CD → AD + CB),通常在溶液中以离子交换方式进行;不涉及氧化态变化。
A salt metathesis (double displacement) reaction is one in which two compounds exchange partners to form two new compounds (AB + CD → AD + CB), usually by ion exchange in solution, with no change in oxidation states.
发生条件When it occurs
生成物中有沉淀、气体或水(弱电解质)时,离子浓度降低,反应才能进行到底;否则只是离子混合。例如 NaCl + KNO₃ 不发生复分解。中和反应是复分解的特例。
It goes to completion only if a precipitate, gas or water (weak electrolyte) forms, removing ions; otherwise the ions merely mix (NaCl + KNO₃ does nothing). Neutralisation is a special case.
离子方程式Net ionic equations
书写时只保留实际参与反应的离子:BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ 的离子方程式为 Ba²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ → BaSO₄↓。判断依据是溶解性表和弱电解质。
Keep only ions that actually react: BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ is Ba²⁺ + SO₄²⁻ → BaSO₄↓, judged from solubility rules and weak electrolytes.
无机合成中的应用Use in inorganic synthesis
在有机金属与配位化学中,常用盐复分解引入配体或改变抗衡离子:如 ZrCl₄ + 2NaC₅H₅ → (C₅H₅)₂ZrCl₂ + 2NaCl,生成的难溶 NaCl 推动反应。
In organometallic and coordination chemistry, salt metathesis installs ligands or swaps counter-ions, e.g. ZrCl₄ + 2 NaC₅H₅ → Cp₂ZrCl₂ + 2 NaCl, driven by insoluble NaCl.
反应Reactions
溶液中有沉淀、气体或弱电解质生成
Formation of a precipitate, gas or weak electrolyte in solution
两种电解质在水中电离。
Both electrolytes dissociate in water.
离子重新组合成难溶物、气体或弱电解质。
Ions recombine into an insoluble solid, gas or weak electrolyte.
生成白色沉淀。
A white precipitate.
生成气体。
Gas evolution.
年表Timeline
- 1884
阿伦尼乌斯电离理论解释溶液中的离子反应
Arrhenius’s ionic theory explains reactions between ions in solution