定义Definition
斯特雷克合成是醛与氨(或铵盐)和氰化物三组分反应生成 α-氨基腈,再水解得到 α-氨基酸的方法。
The Strecker synthesis combines an aldehyde, ammonia (or an ammonium salt) and cyanide to form an α-aminonitrile, which is hydrolysed to an α-amino acid.
机理Mechanism
醛与氨缩合生成亚胺(亚胺正离子),氰根离子对亚胺碳亲核加成得 α-氨基腈;在强酸中加热水解,腈基经酰胺转变为羧基。
The aldehyde condenses with ammonia to an imine (iminium ion); cyanide adds to the iminium carbon, giving the α-aminonitrile; hot strong acid hydrolyses the nitrile through the amide to the carboxylic acid.
由来Origin
德国化学家阿道夫·斯特雷克于 1850 年由乙醛、氨和氢氰酸合成了丙氨酸——这是第一个人工合成的氨基酸。
In 1850 the German chemist Adolph Strecker made alanine from acetaldehyde, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide — the first laboratory synthesis of an amino acid.
意义与发展Significance and developments
经典方法得到外消旋体;用手性胺或手性催化剂(硫脲、金属配合物)可实现不对称斯特雷克反应。斯特雷克化学也被认为是生命起源前氨基酸形成的可能途径(米勒–尤里实验)。工业上用于生产蛋氨酸等。
The classic method gives racemates; chiral amines or catalysts (thioureas, metal complexes) enable asymmetric versions. Strecker chemistry is a proposed prebiotic route to amino acids (Miller–Urey) and is used industrially, e.g. for methionine.
反应Reactions
水或水–醇溶液中室温反应;随后浓盐酸回流水解
Aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solution at room temperature; then reflux in concentrated HCl
醛与氨生成亚胺正离子。
Aldehyde and ammonia form an iminium ion.
CN⁻ 加成得 α-氨基腈。
Cyanide adds to give the α-aminonitrile.
腈水解为羧酸。
The nitrile is hydrolysed to the acid.
斯特雷克最初的合成。
Strecker's original synthesis.
反应机理图Mechanism
红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.
氨进攻醛,加成后失水
Ammonia adds to the aldehyde, then water is lost
氰负离子进攻亚胺正离子
Cyanide attacks the iminium ion
α-氨基腈
α-Aminonitrile
丙氨酸(外消旋)
Alanine (racemic)
年表Timeline
- 1850
斯特雷克合成丙氨酸
Strecker synthesises alanine
- 1953
米勒–尤里实验中检测到氨基酸
Amino acids detected in the Miller–Urey experiment
- 1996
首例催化不对称斯特雷克反应
First catalytic asymmetric Strecker reaction