定义Definition
维尔斯迈尔-哈克反应是用 N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)与三氯氧磷(POCl₃)生成的氯亚胺盐(维尔斯迈尔试剂)作亲电试剂,对富电子芳环或杂环进行甲酰化,水解后得到芳醛的反应。
The Vilsmeier–Haack reaction formylates electron-rich arenes and heteroarenes with the chloroiminium salt (Vilsmeier reagent) formed from N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and phosphorus oxychloride (POCl₃); hydrolysis then gives the aryl aldehyde.
机理Mechanism
DMF 的氧进攻 POCl₃,消除后得到亲电的氯亚胺正离子 [Me₂N=CHCl]⁺。富电子芳环进攻其碳原子(芳香亲电取代),失去质子和 Cl⁻ 后得到亚胺盐,水解成醛。
DMF's oxygen attacks POCl₃; elimination gives the electrophilic chloroiminium ion [Me₂N=CHCl]⁺. An electron-rich ring attacks its carbon (electrophilic aromatic substitution); loss of H⁺ and Cl⁻ gives an iminium salt that hydrolyses to the aldehyde.
由来Origin
德国化学家安东·维尔斯迈尔和阿尔布雷希特·哈克于 1927 年报道。
Reported by the German chemists Anton Vilsmeier and Albrecht Haack in 1927.
适用范围Scope
维尔斯迈尔试剂是较弱的亲电试剂,只与苯胺、酚醚、吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、吲哚(3 位)等富电子底物反应;苯本身不反应。吡咯在 2 位、吲哚在 3 位甲酰化。
The Vilsmeier reagent is a weak electrophile and reacts only with electron-rich substrates — anilines, phenol ethers, pyrrole, furan, thiophene and indole (at C-3); benzene itself does not react. Pyrrole is formylated at C-2, indole at C-3.
反应Reactions
DMF/POCl₃,0 °C 至 80 °C,随后加水或乙酸钠水溶液水解
DMF/POCl₃, 0–80 °C, then aqueous work-up (water or sodium acetate)
DMF 与 POCl₃ 生成氯亚胺盐。
DMF and POCl₃ form the chloroiminium salt.
富电子芳环进攻亲电碳,失质子恢复芳香性。
The electron-rich ring attacks the electrophilic carbon and loses a proton.
所得亚胺盐水解得醛。
The iminium salt hydrolyses to the aldehyde.
对位甲酰化。
Para-formylation.
在 3 位反应。
Reaction at C-3.
年表Timeline
- 1927
维尔斯迈尔与哈克报道该反应
Vilsmeier and Haack report the reaction