双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 配位化学与晶体场 Coordination chemistry & ligand fields

螯合效应Chelate effect

\[\Delta G^\circ = \Delta H^\circ - T\Delta S^\circ,\qquad [\mathrm{Ni(NH_3)_6}]^{2+} + 3\,\mathrm{en} \rightleftharpoons [\mathrm{Ni(en)_3}]^{2+} + 6\,\mathrm{NH_3}\]

含义Meaning

多齿配体形成的螯合物比相应单齿配体配合物稳定得多,主要来自熵增:一个螯合配体置换出多个单齿配体,溶液中自由粒子数增加。

Chelates are much more stable than analogous complexes of monodentate ligands, mainly for entropic reasons: one chelate releases several monodentate ligands.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\Delta S^\circ\)反应标准熵变standard entropy changeJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
\(\mathrm{en}\)乙二胺(二齿)ethylenediamine (bidentate)

推导Derivation

  1. Ni–N 键数目、键型相同,故 ΔH° 接近(−12 kJ/mol 左右)。

    Same number and type of Ni–N bonds, so ΔH° is small (~ −12 kJ/mol).

  2. 反应物 4 个粒子 → 产物 7 个粒子,ΔS° 明显为正(约 +185 J/(mol·K))。

    4 particles → 7 particles: ΔS° strongly positive (~ +185 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹).

  3. 总体 lg β 由约 8.6(6NH₃)升至约 18.3(3en),差约 10 个数量级。

    lg β rises from ~8.6 (6 NH₃) to ~18.3 (3 en) — about ten orders of magnitude.

  4. 动力学图像:一端已结合后,另一端处于高“有效浓度”,闭环极易。

    Kinetic picture: once one end binds, the other has a very high effective concentration.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 五元、六元螯合环最有利;环过大或张力大时效应减弱。

    Five- and six-membered rings are best; larger or strained rings weaken it.

  • 熵效应的大小依赖标准态选择(1 mol/L),比较时应注意。

    The magnitude depends on the 1 M standard state.