双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 误差统计、校准与色谱 Statistics, calibration & chromatography

平均值的置信区间Confidence interval of the mean

\[\mu = \bar x \pm \frac{t_{\alpha,\,n-1}\,s}{\sqrt n}\]

含义Meaning

在一定置信水平(如 95%)下,真值落在此区间内。样本少时用学生 t 分布代替正态分布,t 值随自由度减少而增大。

At a chosen confidence level (e.g. 95 %) the true mean lies in this interval. For small samples Student’s t replaces the normal distribution; t grows as degrees of freedom fall.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(t_{\alpha,\,n-1}\)t 分布临界值(95%:n = 3 时 4.30,n = 5 时 2.78,n = 10 时 2.26)Student t critical value (95 %: 4.30 for n = 3, 2.78 for n = 5, 2.26 for n = 10)1

推导Derivation

  1. 若 σ 已知,\((\bar x - \mu)/(\sigma/\sqrt n)\) 服从标准正态分布,95% 区间 ±1.96。

    With σ known, \((\bar x-\mu)/(\sigma/\sqrt n)\) is standard normal (±1.96 at 95 %).

  2. σ 未知、用 s 估计时,该统计量服从自由度 n − 1 的 t 分布(戈塞特,1908,笔名“学生”)。

    With s in place of σ it follows Student’s t with n − 1 degrees of freedom (Gosset, 1908).

  3. 由 t 分布查得临界值即得区间。

    Look up the critical t.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 假设数据独立、近似正态;存在系统误差时区间可能根本不包含真值。

    Assumes independent, roughly normal data; bias can put the true value outside.

例题Worked example

5 次测定 Cu 含量:x̄ = 10.12%,s = 0.05%:μ = 10.12 ± 2.78×0.05/√5 = 10.12 ± 0.06%(95%)。

Five Cu results: 10.12 ± 0.06 % at 95 %.