双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
高中Senior high 误差统计、校准与色谱 Statistics, calibration & chromatography

平均值与标准偏差Mean and standard deviation

\[\bar x = \frac1n\sum_{i=1}^n x_i,\qquad s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_i(x_i - \bar x)^2}{n - 1}},\qquad \mathrm{RSD} = \frac{s}{\bar x}\times100\%\]
平均值的标准误差standard error of the mean
\[s_{\bar x} = \frac{s}{\sqrt n}\]

含义Meaning

平均值估计真值,标准偏差衡量测量的精密度(离散程度)。分母用 n − 1 是因为已用数据求出平均值,失去一个自由度。

The mean estimates the true value; the standard deviation measures precision. The n − 1 accounts for the degree of freedom used up by the mean.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\bar x\)样本平均值sample mean
\(s\)样本标准偏差sample standard deviation
\(n\)测量次数number of measurements1
\(\mathrm{RSD}\)相对标准偏差(变异系数)relative standard deviation%

推导Derivation

  1. 若真值 μ 已知,方差 \(\sigma^2 = \frac1n\sum(x_i - \mu)^2\)。

    With a known true mean, \(\sigma^2 = \frac1n\sum(x_i-\mu)^2\).

  2. 用 \(\bar x\) 代替 μ 时,\(\sum(x_i - \bar x)^2\) 系统偏小;其期望值为 \((n-1)\sigma^2\),故除以 n − 1 得无偏估计(贝塞尔校正)。

    Using \(\bar x\) underestimates; the expectation is \((n-1)\sigma^2\), so divide by n − 1 (Bessel’s correction).

  3. n 次独立测量平均值的方差为 \(\sigma^2/n\),所以多次测量可提高平均值精密度(但按 \(\sqrt n\) 递减)。

    The mean of n measurements has variance σ²/n — precision improves only as √n.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 标准偏差只反映随机误差,不反映系统误差(准确度需用标准物质或回收率检验)。

    Captures random error only, not systematic error (bias).

  • 小样本(n < 5)的 s 本身很不确定。

    With n < 5 s is itself poorly determined.