含义Meaning
逐级电离常数通常相差 10⁴–10⁵ 倍,第二步电离受第一步产生的 H⁺ 抑制,可按一元弱酸处理;二元弱酸溶液中 [A²⁻] 近似等于 Ka₂,与浓度无关。
Successive Ka values usually differ by 10⁴–10⁵, and the second step is suppressed by H⁺ from the first, so treat it as monoprotic; in a diprotic acid solution [A²⁻] ≈ Ka2 regardless of concentration.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(K_{a1}, K_{a2}\) | 逐级解离常数stepwise dissociation constants | 1 |
推导Derivation
第二步 \(K_{a2} = [\mathrm H^+][\mathrm A^{2-}]/[\mathrm{HA^-}]\);由第一步近似 \([\mathrm H^+] \approx [\mathrm{HA^-}]\)。
From step 1, [H⁺] ≈ [HA⁻].
代入得 \([\mathrm A^{2-}] \approx K_{a2}\)。
Hence [A²⁻] ≈ Ka2.
pH 由第一步决定,按一元弱酸计算。
pH follows from step 1 alone.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
Ka₁/Ka₂ < 约 10³ 或溶液很稀时需全面考虑;H₂S 饱和溶液中 [S²⁻] 极小,受 pH 控制(用于硫化物分步沉淀)。
Needs a full treatment when Ka1/Ka2 is small; in H₂S solutions [S²⁻] is tiny and pH-controlled.
例题Worked example
0.10 mol/L H₂S(Ka₁ = 1.1×10⁻⁷,Ka₂ ≈ 10⁻¹⁴ 量级):pH ≈ 4.0。0.040 mol/L H₂CO₃:pH ≈ 3.9。
0.10 M H₂S: pH ≈ 4.0; 0.040 M H₂CO₃: pH ≈ 3.9.