双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
高中Senior high 酸碱平衡与 pH 计算 Acid–base equilibria & pH

一元弱酸溶液的 pHpH of a weak monoprotic acid

\[[\mathrm H^+] \approx \sqrt{K_a c}\quad(c/K_a \ge 500,\ K_ac \ge 20K_w),\qquad \mathrm{pH} = \tfrac12(\mathrm pK_a - \lg c)\]
不忽略电离对浓度的影响(二次方程解)quadratic solution without neglecting dissociation
\[[\mathrm H^+] = \frac{-K_a + \sqrt{K_a^2 + 4K_ac}}{2}\]
精确式(含水的电离)exact cubic including water
\[[\mathrm H^+]^3 + K_a[\mathrm H^+]^2 - (K_ac + K_w)[\mathrm H^+] - K_aK_w = 0\]

含义Meaning

弱酸只部分电离;在电离度小且忽略水的电离时,[H⁺] 约为 Ka 与浓度乘积的平方根。

A weak acid ionises only partly; when dissociation is small and water’s contribution negligible, [H⁺] ≈ √(Ka c).

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(c\)酸的分析浓度analytical concentration of the acidmol·L⁻¹
\(K_a\)酸解离常数acid dissociation constant1

推导Derivation

  1. 电荷平衡 \([\mathrm H^+] = [\mathrm A^-] + [\mathrm{OH^-}]\),物料平衡 \(c = [\mathrm{HA}] + [\mathrm A^-]\)。

    Charge balance and mass balance.

  2. 忽略水的电离(\(K_ac \gg K_w\)):\([\mathrm A^-] \approx [\mathrm H^+]\),\(K_a = [\mathrm H^+]^2/(c - [\mathrm H^+])\) → 二次方程。

    Neglecting water gives \(K_a = [\mathrm H^+]^2/(c - [\mathrm H^+])\).

  3. 再忽略 \([\mathrm H^+]\) 相对 c(电离度 < 5%):\([\mathrm H^+] = \sqrt{K_ac}\)。

    If dissociation is below ~5 %, \([\mathrm H^+] = \sqrt{K_ac}\).

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 极稀或极弱酸(\(K_ac < 20K_w\))要计入水的电离;较浓或较强的弱酸要用二次方程。

    Very dilute or very weak acids need water’s contribution; stronger ones the quadratic.

例题Worked example

0.10 mol/L 乙酸(Ka = 1.8×10⁻⁵):[H⁺] = 1.34×10⁻³ mol/L,pH = 2.87,电离度 1.3%。

0.10 M acetic acid: pH = 2.87, 1.3 % ionised.