含义Meaning
弱酸只部分电离;在电离度小且忽略水的电离时,[H⁺] 约为 Ka 与浓度乘积的平方根。
A weak acid ionises only partly; when dissociation is small and water’s contribution negligible, [H⁺] ≈ √(Ka c).
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(c\) | 酸的分析浓度analytical concentration of the acid | mol·L⁻¹ |
| \(K_a\) | 酸解离常数acid dissociation constant | 1 |
推导Derivation
电荷平衡 \([\mathrm H^+] = [\mathrm A^-] + [\mathrm{OH^-}]\),物料平衡 \(c = [\mathrm{HA}] + [\mathrm A^-]\)。
Charge balance and mass balance.
忽略水的电离(\(K_ac \gg K_w\)):\([\mathrm A^-] \approx [\mathrm H^+]\),\(K_a = [\mathrm H^+]^2/(c - [\mathrm H^+])\) → 二次方程。
Neglecting water gives \(K_a = [\mathrm H^+]^2/(c - [\mathrm H^+])\).
再忽略 \([\mathrm H^+]\) 相对 c(电离度 < 5%):\([\mathrm H^+] = \sqrt{K_ac}\)。
If dissociation is below ~5 %, \([\mathrm H^+] = \sqrt{K_ac}\).
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
极稀或极弱酸(\(K_ac < 20K_w\))要计入水的电离;较浓或较强的弱酸要用二次方程。
Very dilute or very weak acids need water’s contribution; stronger ones the quadratic.
例题Worked example
0.10 mol/L 乙酸(Ka = 1.8×10⁻⁵):[H⁺] = 1.34×10⁻³ mol/L,pH = 2.87,电离度 1.3%。
0.10 M acetic acid: pH = 2.87, 1.3 % ionised.