含义Meaning
弱酸及其共轭碱组成的缓冲溶液的 pH。两者浓度相等时 pH = pKa;缓冲范围约 pKa ± 1。
pH of a buffer of a weak acid and its conjugate base; pH = pKa when they are equal, with a useful range of about pKa ± 1.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \([\mathrm A^-]/[\mathrm{HA}]\) | 共轭碱与酸的浓度比base-to-acid ratio | 1 |
推导Derivation
对 \(K_a = [\mathrm H^+][\mathrm A^-]/[\mathrm{HA}]\) 两边取负对数。
Take −lg of the Ka expression.
缓冲溶液中 HA、A⁻ 浓度都较大,自身电离和水解很小,平衡浓度 ≈ 配制浓度。
In a buffer both are large, so equilibrium ≈ formal concentrations.
加入少量强酸或强碱只改变比值的对数,pH 变化很小。
Small acid/base additions shift only the log ratio.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
浓度过低(< 约 10⁻³ mol/L)或比值超出 0.1–10、或 pKa 接近 2 或 12 时误差变大;离子强度效应使实际 pH 偏离(需用活度)。
Inaccurate for very dilute buffers, ratios outside 0.1–10, or pKa near 2 or 12; ionic-strength effects shift pH.
亨德森(1908)推导、哈塞尔巴尔赫(1916)写成对数形式,用于血液 pH(碳酸–碳酸氢盐体系)。
Henderson (1908) and Hasselbalch (1916, log form) applied it to blood pH.
例题Worked example
血液:pH = 6.1 + lg(24 mmol/L ÷ (0.03×40 mmHg)) = 6.1 + lg 20 = 7.40。
Blood: pH = 6.1 + lg(24/1.2) = 7.40.