双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 化学平衡 Chemical equilibrium

气相解离度Degree of dissociation in the gas phase

\[\mathrm{A_2} \rightleftharpoons 2\mathrm A:\quad K_p = \frac{4\alpha^2}{1 - \alpha^2}\cdot\frac{p}{p^\circ},\qquad \alpha = \sqrt{\frac{K_p}{K_p + 4p/p^\circ}}\]
由蒸气密度求解离度from vapour density
\[\alpha = \frac{M_\text{未解离} - \bar M}{\bar M}\ \ (\text{由平均摩尔质量 / 蒸气密度求})\]\[\alpha = \frac{M_\text{undissociated} - \bar M}{\bar M}\ \ (\text{from mean molar mass / vapour density})\]

含义Meaning

气相解离平衡中已解离的分数。可由测定混合气体的平均摩尔质量(蒸气密度)得到,再求平衡常数。

The fraction dissociated in a gas-phase equilibrium, obtainable from the average molar mass (vapour density) and hence K.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\alpha\)解离度degree of dissociation1
\(\bar M\)平衡混合气平均摩尔质量average molar mass of the mixtureg·mol⁻¹

推导Derivation

  1. 起始 1 mol A₂,平衡时 A₂ 为 1 − α,A 为 2α,总量 1 + α。

    From 1 mol A₂: 1 − α and 2α, total 1 + α.

  2. 分压 \(p_\mathrm A = \frac{2\alpha}{1+\alpha}p\),\(p_{\mathrm A_2} = \frac{1-\alpha}{1+\alpha}p\),代入 Kp。

    Insert partial pressures into Kp.

  3. 质量守恒:\(\bar M = M_{\mathrm A_2}/(1 + \alpha)\),得蒸气密度式。

    Mass conservation gives the vapour-density form.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 理想气体;若还有其他副反应需联立。

    Ideal gases; side reactions need simultaneous treatment.

例题Worked example

PCl₅ ⇌ PCl₃ + Cl₂(同样形式但 Kp = α²p/(1 − α²)):250 °C、1 bar 下 α ≈ 0.80。

PCl₅ ⇌ PCl₃ + Cl₂ at 250 °C and 1 bar: α ≈ 0.80.