双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 配位化学与晶体场 Coordination chemistry & ligand fields

18 电子规则18-electron rule

\[N_\text{VE} = N_{d}(\mathrm{M}) + \sum_\text{配体} N_\text{给出} \pm q = 18\]\[N_\text{VE} = N_{d}(\mathrm{M}) + \sum_\text{ligand} N_\text{donated} \pm q = 18\]
中性(共价)计数法neutral (covalent) counting
\[\text{中性计数法:}\ N = \text{族号} + \sum(\text{中性配体给出电子数}) - q\]\[\text{neutral counting :}\ N = \text{group no.} + \sum(\text{electrons from neutral ligands}) - q\]

含义Meaning

稳定的有机金属配合物中,金属价层 9 个轨道(5 d + 1 s + 3 p)常被 18 个电子填满,类似主族的八隅律。

Stable organometallics often fill the metal’s nine valence orbitals (5 d, 1 s, 3 p) with 18 electrons — an analogue of the octet rule.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(N_\text{VE}\)价电子总数valence electron count1
\(q\)配合物总电荷overall charge1

推导Derivation

  1. 金属有 9 个价轨道,与配体组合成 MO 后,成键与非键 MO 共 9 个,反键 MO 能量高。

    Nine metal valence orbitals combine with ligands; bonding plus non-bonding MOs number nine.

  2. 填满 9 个低能轨道需 18 个电子,再多则进入反键,再少则有空的低能轨道(易被进攻)。

    Filling them takes 18 electrons; more go into antibonding orbitals, fewer leave vacant low-lying orbitals.

  3. 离子计数法:先定氧化态,d 电子数 = 族号 − 氧化态;常见配体给电子数:CO 2、PR₃ 2、Cl⁻ 2、H⁻ 2、Cp⁻ 6、η⁶-C₆H₆ 6。

    Ionic method: d count = group − oxidation state; donors CO 2, PR₃ 2, Cl⁻ 2, H⁻ 2, Cp⁻ 6, η⁶-C₆H₆ 6.

  4. 两种计数法结果相同,只是电子归属不同。

    Both methods give the same total.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 平面正方形 d⁸(Rh(I)、Ir(I)、Pd(II)、Pt(II))常为 16 电子;早过渡金属(如 TiCl₄)和高价金属常偏少。

    Square-planar d⁸ complexes are often 16-electron; early and high-valent metals often have fewer.

  • 主要适用于强场、π 酸配体的有机金属配合物;经典维尔纳配合物(如 [Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺ 20 e⁻)不遵守。

    Mainly for organometallics with strong-field/π-acid ligands; Werner complexes often break it.

例题Worked example

Fe(CO)₅:Fe 8 + 5×2 = 18。二茂铁:Fe²⁺ d⁶ + 2×6(Cp⁻)= 18。Ni(CO)₄:10 + 8 = 18。

Fe(CO)₅: 8 + 10 = 18. Ferrocene: Fe²⁺ d⁶ + 2 × 6 = 18. Ni(CO)₄: 10 + 8 = 18.