双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 配位化学与晶体场 Coordination chemistry & ligand fields

唯自旋磁矩Spin-only magnetic moment

\[\mu_\text{so} = \sqrt{n(n+2)}\ \mu_\mathrm{B} = 2\sqrt{S(S+1)}\ \mu_\mathrm{B}\]
由摩尔磁化率求有效磁矩effective moment from molar susceptibility
\[\mu_\text{eff} = 2.828\sqrt{\chi_m T}\ \mu_\mathrm{B}\quad(\chi_m\ \text{用 cm³/mol})\]\[\mu_\text{eff} = 2.828\sqrt{\chi_m T}\ \mu_\mathrm{B}\quad(\chi_m\ \text{with cm³/mol})\]
镧系离子(自旋–轨道耦合强)lanthanide ions (strong spin–orbit coupling)
\[\mu_J = g_J\sqrt{J(J+1)}\ \mu_\mathrm{B}\]

含义Meaning

只考虑未成对电子自旋贡献的磁矩,由磁化率测定反推未成对电子数 n,从而区分高、低自旋。

The magnetic moment from unpaired spins only; measuring it gives n and distinguishes high from low spin.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(n\)未成对电子数number of unpaired electrons1
\(S = n/2\)总自旋量子数total spin quantum number1
\(\mu_\mathrm{B}\)玻尔磁子 9.274×10⁻²⁴ J/TBohr magnetonJ·T⁻¹
\(\chi_m\)摩尔磁化率molar susceptibilitycm³·mol⁻¹

推导Derivation

  1. 总自旋角动量大小 \(\hbar\sqrt{S(S+1)}\),电子自旋 g 因子 \(g_e \approx 2\)。

    Spin angular momentum magnitude \(\hbar\sqrt{S(S+1)}\), with \(g_e \approx 2\).

  2. 磁矩 \(\mu = g_e\sqrt{S(S+1)}\,\mu_\mathrm{B}\);令 \(S = n/2\):\(2\sqrt{\tfrac n2(\tfrac n2+1)} = \sqrt{n(n+2)}\)。

    \(\mu = g_e\sqrt{S(S+1)}\,\mu_\mathrm{B}\); with \(S = n/2\) this is \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\).

  3. 居里定律 \(\chi_m = N_A\mu^2\mu_0/(3k_\mathrm{B}T)\),CGS 单位下整理得 \(\mu_\text{eff} = 2.828\sqrt{\chi_mT}\)。

    Curie’s law gives \(\mu_\text{eff} = 2.828\sqrt{\chi_mT}\) in CGS units.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 第一过渡系轨道角动量大部分“猝灭”,近似较好;T 基态(如高自旋 Co²⁺ 八面体)有明显轨道贡献,实测偏大。

    Works for 3d ions where orbital momentum is quenched; T ground terms (e.g. octahedral HS Co²⁺) show orbital contributions.

  • 4d/5d 和镧系离子自旋–轨道耦合强,需用 J 公式。

    Not for 4d/5d or lanthanides — use the J formula.

  • 反铁磁耦合的多核配合物磁矩随温度变化,不能直接套用。

    Exchange-coupled clusters have temperature-dependent moments.

例题Worked example

[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ 实测 5.9 μB → n = 5(高自旋 d⁵);[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ 约 2.3 μB → n = 1(低自旋 d⁵)。

[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ 5.9 μB → n = 5 (HS d⁵); [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ ≈ 2.3 μB → n = 1 (LS d⁵).