含义Meaning
只考虑未成对电子自旋贡献的磁矩,由磁化率测定反推未成对电子数 n,从而区分高、低自旋。
The magnetic moment from unpaired spins only; measuring it gives n and distinguishes high from low spin.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(n\) | 未成对电子数number of unpaired electrons | 1 |
| \(S = n/2\) | 总自旋量子数total spin quantum number | 1 |
| \(\mu_\mathrm{B}\) | 玻尔磁子 9.274×10⁻²⁴ J/TBohr magneton | J·T⁻¹ |
| \(\chi_m\) | 摩尔磁化率molar susceptibility | cm³·mol⁻¹ |
推导Derivation
总自旋角动量大小 \(\hbar\sqrt{S(S+1)}\),电子自旋 g 因子 \(g_e \approx 2\)。
Spin angular momentum magnitude \(\hbar\sqrt{S(S+1)}\), with \(g_e \approx 2\).
磁矩 \(\mu = g_e\sqrt{S(S+1)}\,\mu_\mathrm{B}\);令 \(S = n/2\):\(2\sqrt{\tfrac n2(\tfrac n2+1)} = \sqrt{n(n+2)}\)。
\(\mu = g_e\sqrt{S(S+1)}\,\mu_\mathrm{B}\); with \(S = n/2\) this is \(\sqrt{n(n+2)}\).
居里定律 \(\chi_m = N_A\mu^2\mu_0/(3k_\mathrm{B}T)\),CGS 单位下整理得 \(\mu_\text{eff} = 2.828\sqrt{\chi_mT}\)。
Curie’s law gives \(\mu_\text{eff} = 2.828\sqrt{\chi_mT}\) in CGS units.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
第一过渡系轨道角动量大部分“猝灭”,近似较好;T 基态(如高自旋 Co²⁺ 八面体)有明显轨道贡献,实测偏大。
Works for 3d ions where orbital momentum is quenched; T ground terms (e.g. octahedral HS Co²⁺) show orbital contributions.
4d/5d 和镧系离子自旋–轨道耦合强,需用 J 公式。
Not for 4d/5d or lanthanides — use the J formula.
反铁磁耦合的多核配合物磁矩随温度变化,不能直接套用。
Exchange-coupled clusters have temperature-dependent moments.
例题Worked example
[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ 实测 5.9 μB → n = 5(高自旋 d⁵);[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ 约 2.3 μB → n = 1(低自旋 d⁵)。
[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ 5.9 μB → n = 5 (HS d⁵); [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻ ≈ 2.3 μB → n = 1 (LS d⁵).