双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 配位化学与晶体场 Coordination chemistry & ligand fields

四面体分裂能与 CFSETetrahedral splitting and CFSE

\[\Delta_\mathrm{t} \approx \frac49\Delta_\mathrm{o},\qquad \mathrm{CFSE}_\mathrm{t} = \left(-0.6\,n_e + 0.4\,n_{t_2}\right)\Delta_\mathrm{t}\]

含义Meaning

四面体场中分裂顺序与八面体相反:e 在下、t₂ 在上,且分裂能只有八面体的约 4/9,所以四面体配合物几乎都是高自旋。

Tetrahedral splitting is inverted (e below t₂) and only ~4/9 of Δo, so tetrahedral complexes are almost always high spin.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\Delta_\mathrm{t}\)四面体分裂能tetrahedral splittingcm⁻¹
\(n_e, n_{t_2}\)e 与 t₂ 轨道电子数electrons in e and t₂1

推导Derivation

  1. 四个配体位于立方体相间顶点,没有配体直接指向任何 d 轨道;\(d_{xy}, d_{xz}, d_{yz}\) 更接近配体,能量升高(t₂)。

    Ligands sit on alternate cube corners; \(d_{xy}, d_{xz}, d_{yz}\) point closer to them and rise (t₂).

  2. 点电荷模型:配体数 4/6,几何因子 2/3,相乘得 \(\Delta_\mathrm{t} = \tfrac{4}{6}\cdot\tfrac23\Delta_\mathrm{o} = \tfrac49\Delta_\mathrm{o}\)(同配体、同金属–配体距离)。

    Point-charge model: (4/6) × (2/3) gives 4/9 for the same ligands and distance.

  3. 重心规则:\(2E(e) + 3E(t_2) = 0\) 给出 −0.6Δt、+0.4Δt。

    Barycentre: −0.6Δt and +0.4Δt.

  4. 八面体择位能 OSPE = CFSE(Oh) − CFSE(Td),用于解释尖晶石中阳离子分布(如 Fe₃O₄ 为反尖晶石)。

    Octahedral site preference energy OSPE = CFSE(Oh) − CFSE(Td) explains spinel cation distributions (Fe₃O₄ is inverse).

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 4/9 只是点电荷理想值;平面正方形场的分裂更复杂(d⁸ 常为平面正方形)。

    4/9 is the point-charge ideal; square-planar splitting is different (d⁸ is often square planar).