\[q_\text{el} = g_0 + g_1e^{-\varepsilon_1/k_\mathrm{B}T} + \cdots \approx g_0\]
含义Meaning
电子激发能通常远大于 \(k_\mathrm{B}T\),所以 \(q_\text{el}\) 约等于基态简并度(多数闭壳层分子为 1,O₂ 基态 ³Σ 为 3,NO 有低激发态需保留两项)。
Electronic excitations usually far exceed k_BT, so q_el ≈ ground-state degeneracy (1 for most closed-shell molecules, 3 for triplet O₂; NO needs two terms).
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(g_0, g_1\) | 基态、第一激发态简并度degeneracies of ground and first excited states | 1 |
| \(\varepsilon_1\) | 第一激发能first excitation energy | J |
推导Derivation
按定义写出前几项;ε₁ ≫ kT 时高阶项可忽略。
Write the first terms; higher ones vanish when ε₁ ≫ kT.
NO 的 ²Π₁/₂ 与 ²Π₃/₂ 相距仅 121 cm⁻¹,各二重简并:\(q_\text{el} = 2 + 2e^{-174\ \mathrm K/T}\),使其热容出现肖特基峰。
NO: \(q_\text{el} = 2 + 2e^{-174\,\mathrm K/T}\), giving a Schottky heat-capacity anomaly.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
开壳层原子(卤素、过渡金属)的自旋–轨道分裂需逐项计入。
Open-shell atoms need their spin–orbit levels.