双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 统计热力学 Statistical thermodynamics

能量均分定理Equipartition theorem

\[\langle\varepsilon\rangle = \frac12k_\mathrm{B}T\ \text{(每个平方项)},\qquad C_{V,m} = \frac{f}{2}R\]\[\langle\varepsilon\rangle = \frac12k_\mathrm{B}T\ \text{( per quadratic term )},\qquad C_{V,m} = \frac{f}{2}R\]
理想气体热容ideal-gas heat capacities
\[\text{单原子 } C_{V,m} = \tfrac32R;\quad \text{双原子(室温)} \tfrac52R;\quad \text{线形多原子} \tfrac52R + (3N-5)R\ (\text{高温})\]\[\text{monatomic} C_{V,m} = \tfrac32R;\quad \text{diatomic ( room T )} \tfrac52R;\quad \text{linear polyatomic} \tfrac52R + (3N-5)R\ (\text{high T})\]

含义Meaning

经典统计中,能量表达式里每一个平方项(动能 \(\tfrac12mv_x^2\)、转动 \(\tfrac12I\omega^2\)、势能 \(\tfrac12kx^2\))平均贡献 \(\tfrac12k_\mathrm{B}T\)。

In classical statistics each quadratic term in the energy (½mv², ½Iω², ½kx²) contributes ½k_BT on average.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(f\)活跃的平方自由度数number of active quadratic terms1
\(C_{V,m}\)定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volumeJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹

推导Derivation

  1. 对平方项 \(\varepsilon = ax^2\),\(\langle\varepsilon\rangle = \int ax^2e^{-ax^2/kT}dx / \int e^{-ax^2/kT}dx = \tfrac12kT\)(高斯积分)。

    For ε = ax², a Gaussian integral gives ⟨ε⟩ = ½kT.

  2. 平动 3 个、线形分子转动 2 个、每个振动 2 个(动能 + 势能)。

    Translation 3, linear rotation 2, each vibration 2 (kinetic + potential).

  3. 摩尔量乘 \(N_A\),对 T 求导得热容。

    Multiply by N_A and differentiate for C_V.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 只在 \(k_\mathrm{B}T \gg\) 能级间隔时成立:室温下振动常被“冻结”,所以双原子气体 C_V 为 5/2 R 而非 7/2 R。这一失败是量子理论的早期证据之一。

    Holds only when kT ≫ level spacing; vibrations are frozen at room temperature, so diatomics show 5/2 R, not 7/2 R — early evidence for quantum theory.

  • 固体低温热容趋于零(违反杜隆–珀蒂),需爱因斯坦、德拜模型。

    Solid heat capacities vanish at low T, needing Einstein/Debye models.