\[C_{V,m} = 3R\left(\frac{\Theta_E}{T}\right)^2\frac{e^{\Theta_E/T}}{\left(e^{\Theta_E/T} - 1\right)^2}\]
含义Meaning
把晶体中每个原子视为三个独立、同频率的量子谐振子(1907)。首次解释了固体热容在低温下下降,是量子化概念在物质性质上的第一次成功应用。
Treats each atom as three independent quantum oscillators of one frequency (1907) — the first explanation of the low-temperature fall of solid heat capacities and the first application of quantisation to matter.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\Theta_E = h\nu/k_\mathrm{B}\) | 爱因斯坦温度Einstein temperature | K |
推导Derivation
N 个原子 → 3N 个频率为 ν 的谐振子。
N atoms → 3N oscillators of frequency ν.
每个振子平均能 \(h\nu/(e^{h\nu/kT} - 1)\)(加零点能),总能 3N 倍。
Each has mean energy \(h\nu/(e^{h\nu/kT}-1)\).
对 T 求导得上式;T ≫ Θ_E 时趋于 3R(杜隆–珀蒂定律),T → 0 时指数趋零。
Differentiate; → 3R (Dulong–Petit) at high T, exponentially to 0 at low T.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
低温下下降过快(指数),实测为 T³ 律——因为真实晶体有一系列低频声子,德拜模型更好。
Falls too fast at low T (exponential vs the observed T³); the Debye model is better.