\[C_{V,m} = 9R\left(\frac{T}{\Theta_D}\right)^3\int_0^{\Theta_D/T}\frac{x^4e^x}{(e^x - 1)^2}dx \xrightarrow{T \ll \Theta_D} \frac{12\pi^4}{5}R\left(\frac{T}{\Theta_D}\right)^3\]
含义Meaning
把晶格振动看作连续弹性介质中的声波(声子),频率从 0 分布到截止频率 ν_D(1912)。低温热容与 T³ 成正比,与实验吻合。
Treats lattice vibrations as sound waves (phonons) in an elastic continuum with frequencies up to a cutoff ν_D (1912). The low-temperature heat capacity goes as T³, as observed.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\Theta_D = h\nu_D/k_\mathrm{B}\) | 德拜温度(金刚石 2230 K,Cu 343 K,Pb 105 K)Debye temperature (diamond 2230 K, Cu 343 K, Pb 105 K) | K |
推导Derivation
声子态密度 \(g(\nu) \propto \nu^2\)(三维波的模式数),总模式数 3N 决定截止频率 ν_D。
Phonon density of states \(g(\nu) \propto \nu^2\); 3N modes fix the cutoff ν_D.
每个模式按爱因斯坦热容加权积分,令 \(x = h\nu/k_\mathrm{B}T\)。
Integrate Einstein contributions weighted by g(ν), with x = hν/kT.
低温时积分上限 → ∞,积分值 \(4\pi^4/15\),得 T³ 定律。
At low T the upper limit → ∞ and the integral is 4π⁴/15.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
真实声子谱不是简单的 ν²,Θ_D 随温度略变;金属低温还有电子热容(∝ T)。
Real phonon spectra differ from ν²; metals add an electronic term ∝ T at low T.