\[t_{1/2} = \frac{2^{n-1} - 1}{(n-1)k[\mathrm A]_0^{\,n-1}}\ (n \ne 1),\qquad t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln2}{k}\ (n = 1)\]
含义Meaning
n 级反应(单一反应物)的半衰期与初始浓度的 1 − n 次方成正比。测量不同初始浓度下的半衰期即可求级数。
For an nth-order reaction in one reactant, t½ ∝ [A]₀^(1−n). Measuring t½ at different starting concentrations gives n.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(n\) | 反应级数order | 1 |
推导Derivation
\(-d[\mathrm A]/dt = k[\mathrm A]^n\) 积分:\(\frac{1}{n-1}\left([\mathrm A]^{1-n} - [\mathrm A]_0^{1-n}\right) = kt\)。
Integrate the nth-order law.
代入 \([\mathrm A] = [\mathrm A]_0/2\) 即得。
Insert [A] = [A]₀/2.
取对数 \(\lg t_{1/2} = \text{常数} + (1 - n)\lg[\mathrm A]_0\),斜率 1 − n。
A log–log plot has slope 1 − n.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
仅适用于只含一种反应物(或各反应物按计量比)的简单级数反应。
For simple single-reactant (or stoichiometric) rate laws.