含义Meaning
间位、对位取代苯衍生物的反应速率或平衡常数的对数,与取代基常数 σ 成线性关系(1937)。σ > 0 为吸电子基,ρ > 0 表示反应中心在过渡态积累负电荷。
For meta/para-substituted benzene derivatives, log k (or K) is linear in the substituent constant σ (1937). σ > 0 means electron-withdrawing; ρ > 0 means negative charge builds up at the reaction centre.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\sigma_\mathrm{X}\) | 取代基常数(如 p-NO₂ 0.78,p-OMe −0.27)substituent constant (p-NO₂ 0.78, p-OMe −0.27) | 1 |
| \(\rho\) | 反应常数(对电子效应的敏感度)reaction constant (sensitivity) | 1 |
| \(\sigma^+, \sigma^-\) | 与正、负电荷直接共轭时的修正常数constants for direct conjugation with cationic / anionic centres | 1 |
推导Derivation
以苯甲酸在水中的电离为标准反应,定义 ρ = 1,得到各取代基的 σ。
Benzoic acid ionisation in water defines ρ = 1 and gives σ for each substituent.
假设取代基对自由能(活化能)的影响可分离为“取代基 × 反应”两因子:\(\delta\Delta G^\ddagger = -2.303RT\rho\sigma\)。
Assume the substituent effect on ΔG‡ factorises into substituent × reaction terms.
由此 \(\lg(k_\mathrm{X}/k_\mathrm{H}) = \rho\sigma\),这是一种线性自由能关系(LFER)。
Hence \(\lg(k_\mathrm{X}/k_\mathrm{H}) = \rho\sigma\) — a linear free-energy relationship.
由测得的 ρ 符号和大小推断过渡态电荷:苯甲酸乙酯碱性水解 ρ ≈ +2.5;SN1 溶剂解 ρ ≈ −4.5(用 σ⁺)。
The sign and size of ρ reveal TS charge: ethyl benzoate saponification ρ ≈ +2.5; SN1 solvolysis ρ ≈ −4.5 (with σ⁺).
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
不适用于邻位取代基(立体效应),也不适用于脂肪族体系(用塔夫特方程)。
Fails for ortho substituents (sterics) and aliphatic systems (use Taft).
若机理或决速步随取代基改变,哈米特图会弯折(凹形或凸形)。
A change of mechanism or rate-determining step bends the plot.