\[I = \frac12 \sum_i c_i z_i^2\]
含义Meaning
衡量溶液中离子电场总强度的量,高价离子贡献按电荷平方放大。活度系数和盐效应都由它决定。
A measure of the total ionic field; multiply charged ions count with z². It controls activity coefficients and salt effects.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(c_i\) | 离子 i 的浓度(或质量摩尔浓度 b_i)concentration (or molality) of ion i | mol·L⁻¹ |
| \(z_i\) | 离子电荷数charge number | 1 |
推导Derivation
德拜–休克尔理论中,离子氛的屏蔽长度由泊松–玻尔兹曼方程决定,其中出现 \(\sum c_iz_i^2\)。
In Debye–Hückel theory the screening length from the Poisson–Boltzmann equation involves \(\sum c_iz_i^2\).
乘以 1/2 使 1:1 电解质的 I 等于其浓度。
The factor ½ makes I equal to c for a 1:1 electrolyte.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
只是浓度的组合,不包含离子大小与特异作用。
A purely concentration-based quantity; no ion size or specific effects.
例题Worked example
0.10 mol/L Na₂SO₄:I = ½(0.20×1² + 0.10×2²) = 0.30 mol/L。
0.10 mol/L Na₂SO₄: I = ½(0.20 + 0.40) = 0.30 mol/L.