双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
研究生Graduate 配位化学与晶体场 Coordination chemistry & ligand fields

姜–泰勒效应Jahn–Teller effect

\[E(Q) = \pm F Q + \tfrac12 kQ^2,\qquad E_\mathrm{JT} = -\frac{F^2}{2k}\]

含义Meaning

简并电子态的非线形分子会自发畸变以消除简并、降低能量。八面体 d⁹(Cu²⁺)、高自旋 d⁴(Cr²⁺、Mn³⁺)、低自旋 d⁷ 最明显,常表现为四方拉长。

A non-linear molecule in an orbitally degenerate state distorts to lift the degeneracy. Strongest for octahedral d⁹ (Cu²⁺), HS d⁴ (Cr²⁺, Mn³⁺) and LS d⁷, typically as tetragonal elongation.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(Q\)畸变坐标distortion coordinatem
\(F\)线性振动–电子耦合常数linear vibronic coupling constantJ·m⁻¹
\(k\)该振动的力常数force constantJ·m⁻²
\(E_\mathrm{JT}\)姜–泰勒稳定化能Jahn–Teller stabilisation energyJ

推导Derivation

  1. 简并态在畸变 Q 下一级能量变化 ±FQ(简并分裂),同时晶格弹性能 \(\tfrac12kQ^2\) 升高。

    A degenerate state splits linearly ±FQ while elastic energy rises as \(\tfrac12kQ^2\).

  2. 对下支 \(E = -FQ + \tfrac12kQ^2\) 求极小:\(Q_0 = F/k\),\(E_\mathrm{JT} = -F^2/2k\)。

    Minimise the lower branch: \(Q_0 = F/k\), \(E_\mathrm{JT} = -F^2/2k\).

  3. 所以只要 F ≠ 0,畸变总能降低能量(定理的定性内容)。

    So any F ≠ 0 makes distortion favourable.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • t₂g 简并引起的畸变很弱;动态 JT 效应(快速在几种畸变间跳跃)时晶体学上可能看不出。

    t₂g degeneracies give weak effects; dynamic JT can average out crystallographically.

  • 定理不说明畸变方向(拉长还是压缩)。

    The theorem does not predict elongation vs compression.