含义Meaning
简并电子态的非线形分子会自发畸变以消除简并、降低能量。八面体 d⁹(Cu²⁺)、高自旋 d⁴(Cr²⁺、Mn³⁺)、低自旋 d⁷ 最明显,常表现为四方拉长。
A non-linear molecule in an orbitally degenerate state distorts to lift the degeneracy. Strongest for octahedral d⁹ (Cu²⁺), HS d⁴ (Cr²⁺, Mn³⁺) and LS d⁷, typically as tetragonal elongation.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(Q\) | 畸变坐标distortion coordinate | m |
| \(F\) | 线性振动–电子耦合常数linear vibronic coupling constant | J·m⁻¹ |
| \(k\) | 该振动的力常数force constant | J·m⁻² |
| \(E_\mathrm{JT}\) | 姜–泰勒稳定化能Jahn–Teller stabilisation energy | J |
推导Derivation
简并态在畸变 Q 下一级能量变化 ±FQ(简并分裂),同时晶格弹性能 \(\tfrac12kQ^2\) 升高。
A degenerate state splits linearly ±FQ while elastic energy rises as \(\tfrac12kQ^2\).
对下支 \(E = -FQ + \tfrac12kQ^2\) 求极小:\(Q_0 = F/k\),\(E_\mathrm{JT} = -F^2/2k\)。
Minimise the lower branch: \(Q_0 = F/k\), \(E_\mathrm{JT} = -F^2/2k\).
所以只要 F ≠ 0,畸变总能降低能量(定理的定性内容)。
So any F ≠ 0 makes distortion favourable.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
t₂g 简并引起的畸变很弱;动态 JT 效应(快速在几种畸变间跳跃)时晶体学上可能看不出。
t₂g degeneracies give weak effects; dynamic JT can average out crystallographically.
定理不说明畸变方向(拉长还是压缩)。
The theorem does not predict elongation vs compression.