含义Meaning
酶促反应初速率随底物浓度呈双曲线增加:低浓度时近似一级,高浓度时趋于饱和(零级)。\(K_\mathrm{M}\) 是速率达到 \(V_{\max}/2\) 时的底物浓度。
The initial rate of an enzyme reaction rises hyperbolically with substrate: first order at low [S], saturating (zero order) at high [S]. \(K_\mathrm{M}\) is the [S] giving half the maximum rate.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(v_0\) | 初速率initial rate | mol·L⁻¹·s⁻¹ |
| \([\mathrm{S}]\) | 底物浓度substrate concentration | mol·L⁻¹ |
| \(V_{\max}\) | 最大速率maximum rate | mol·L⁻¹·s⁻¹ |
| \(K_\mathrm{M}\) | 米氏常数Michaelis constant | mol·L⁻¹ |
| \(k_\mathrm{cat}\) | 催化常数(转换数)turnover number | s⁻¹ |
| \([\mathrm{E}]_0\) | 酶的总浓度total enzyme concentration | mol·L⁻¹ |
推导Derivation
机理:\(\mathrm{E} + \mathrm{S} \underset{k_{-1}}{\overset{k_1}{\rightleftharpoons}} \mathrm{ES} \xrightarrow{k_\mathrm{cat}} \mathrm{E} + \mathrm{P}\)。
Mechanism: \(\mathrm{E} + \mathrm{S} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{ES} \to \mathrm{E} + \mathrm{P}\).
布里格斯–霍尔丹稳态近似:\(d[\mathrm{ES}]/dt = k_1[\mathrm{E}][\mathrm{S}] - (k_{-1} + k_\mathrm{cat})[\mathrm{ES}] = 0\)。
Briggs–Haldane steady state: \(d[\mathrm{ES}]/dt = k_1[\mathrm{E}][\mathrm{S}] - (k_{-1} + k_\mathrm{cat})[\mathrm{ES}] = 0\).
代入酶守恒 \([\mathrm{E}] = [\mathrm{E}]_0 - [\mathrm{ES}]\) 解出:
Use enzyme conservation \([\mathrm{E}] = [\mathrm{E}]_0 - [\mathrm{ES}]\) and solve:
\[[\mathrm{ES}] = \frac{[\mathrm{E}]_0[\mathrm{S}]}{K_\mathrm{M} + [\mathrm{S}]}\]速率 \(v_0 = k_\mathrm{cat}[\mathrm{ES}]\),令 \(V_{\max} = k_\mathrm{cat}[\mathrm{E}]_0\) 即得米氏方程。
The rate is \(v_0 = k_\mathrm{cat}[\mathrm{ES}]\); with \(V_{\max} = k_\mathrm{cat}[\mathrm{E}]_0\) this is the Michaelis–Menten equation.
\([\mathrm{S}] \ll K_\mathrm{M}\) 时 \(v_0 \approx (k_\mathrm{cat}/K_\mathrm{M})[\mathrm{E}]_0[\mathrm{S}]\);\(k_\mathrm{cat}/K_\mathrm{M}\) 称为特异性常数,上限为扩散控制约 \(10^8\)–\(10^9\ \mathrm{L\,mol^{-1}\,s^{-1}}\)。
For \([\mathrm{S}] \ll K_\mathrm{M}\), \(v_0 \approx (k_\mathrm{cat}/K_\mathrm{M})[\mathrm{E}]_0[\mathrm{S}]\); the specificity constant \(k_\mathrm{cat}/K_\mathrm{M}\) is capped by diffusion at ~\(10^8\)–\(10^9\ \mathrm{L\,mol^{-1}\,s^{-1}}\).
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
只用初速率(产物很少、逆反应可忽略);需要 \([\mathrm{S}] \gg [\mathrm{E}]_0\) 使游离底物浓度近似等于加入量。
Initial rates only (negligible product and back-reaction); requires \([\mathrm{S}] \gg [\mathrm{E}]_0\).
单底物、单中间体模型;多底物、别构酶(S 形曲线)需用其他模型(如希尔方程)。
Single substrate and intermediate; multi-substrate and allosteric (sigmoidal) enzymes need other models.
\(K_\mathrm{M}\) 只有在 \(k_\mathrm{cat} \ll k_{-1}\) 时才近似等于解离常数 \(K_\mathrm{S}\)。
\(K_\mathrm{M}\) equals the dissociation constant only when \(k_\mathrm{cat} \ll k_{-1}\).
例题Worked example
碳酸酐酶 \(k_\mathrm{cat} \approx 10^6\ \mathrm{s^{-1}}\)、\(K_\mathrm{M} \approx 8\ \mathrm{mmol/L}\),\(k_\mathrm{cat}/K_\mathrm{M} \approx 10^8\),接近扩散极限。
Carbonic anhydrase: \(k_\mathrm{cat} \approx 10^6\ \mathrm{s^{-1}}\), \(K_\mathrm{M} \approx 8\) mM, so \(k_\mathrm{cat}/K_\mathrm{M} \approx 10^8\) — near the diffusion limit.