双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
高中Senior high 电化学 Electrochemistry

能斯特方程Nernst equation

\[E = E^\circ - \frac{RT}{nF}\ln Q = E^\circ - \frac{0.05916\ \mathrm V}{n}\lg Q\ \ (25\,{}^\circ\mathrm C)\]
单个电极single electrode
\[E(\mathrm{Ox/Red}) = E^\circ + \frac{0.05916}{n}\lg\frac{a_\mathrm{Ox}}{a_\mathrm{Red}}\]

含义Meaning

电极电势或电池电动势随参与物质活度(浓度、分压)的变化(能斯特,1889)。氧化态浓度增大使电势升高;涉及 H⁺ 的电对电势随 pH 变化。

How electrode potential or cell EMF depends on activities (Nernst, 1889): more oxidant raises the potential, and couples involving H⁺ depend on pH.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(Q\)反应商reaction quotient1
\(n\)转移电子数electrons transferred1
\(E^\circ\)标准电势standard potentialV

推导Derivation

  1. 非标准条件下 \(\Delta G = \Delta G^\circ + RT\ln Q\)(反应等温式)。

    Reaction isotherm \(\Delta G = \Delta G^\circ + RT\ln Q\).

  2. 代入 \(\Delta G = -nFE\)、\(\Delta G^\circ = -nFE^\circ\),两边除以 −nF。

    Use ΔG = −nFE and divide by −nF.

  3. 25 °C 时 \(RT\ln10/F = 0.05916\) V,所以每 10 倍浓度变化改变 59/n mV。

    At 25 °C each tenfold change shifts E by 59/n mV.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 用活度而非浓度(稀溶液可近似);只适用于可逆(平衡)电极,有净电流时还有过电势。

    Use activities; applies to reversible electrodes at zero current (overpotential otherwise).

例题Worked example

Cu²⁺/Cu,[Cu²⁺] = 0.010 mol/L:E = 0.34 + 0.0296×lg 0.010 = 0.28 V。pH 计:玻璃电极电势每单位 pH 改变 59 mV。

Cu²⁺/Cu at 0.010 M: 0.28 V. A glass electrode changes 59 mV per pH unit.