双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
高中Senior high 电化学 Electrochemistry

电池电动势Cell potential (EMF)

\[E^\circ_\text{cell} = E^\circ_\text{正极(还原)} - E^\circ_\text{负极(氧化)} = E^\circ_\text{cathode} - E^\circ_\text{anode}\]\[E^\circ_\text{cell} = E^\circ_\text{cathode ( reduction )} - E^\circ_\text{anode ( oxidation )} = E^\circ_\text{cathode} - E^\circ_\text{anode}\]

含义Meaning

原电池的标准电动势等于正极(发生还原)与负极(发生氧化)标准还原电势之差。E > 0 的电池反应自发。

A galvanic cell’s standard EMF is the cathode’s standard reduction potential minus the anode’s; E > 0 means the cell reaction is spontaneous.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(E^\circ\)标准电极电势(相对标准氢电极 SHE)standard reduction potential vs SHEV

推导Derivation

  1. 电极电势只能相对测定,规定标准氢电极 \(E^\circ(\mathrm{H^+/H_2}) = 0\)。

    Potentials are relative; the SHE is defined as 0 V.

  2. 电池电动势 = 右(正)极电势 − 左(负)极电势;两个半反应相加得电池反应。

    EMF = right − left; adding half-reactions gives the cell reaction.

  3. 电势是强度量:半反应乘系数时 E° 不变(而 ΔG° 加倍)。

    Potentials are intensive: scaling a half-reaction leaves E° unchanged.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 标准态(1 mol/L、1 bar、指定温度);非标准浓度用能斯特方程。

    Standard states only; use the Nernst equation otherwise.

  • 两电极电势相加减时若半反应电子数不同,不能直接相加求“第三个”电势(须经 ΔG° 换算,拉蒂默图)。

    To combine half-reactions into a third, go through ΔG° (Latimer diagrams).

例题Worked example

丹尼尔电池 Zn|Zn²⁺||Cu²⁺|Cu:E° = 0.34 − (−0.76) = 1.10 V。

Daniell cell: E° = 0.34 − (−0.76) = 1.10 V.