双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 聚合反应与高分子物理 Polymerisation & polymer physics

自由基聚合速率Rate of free-radical polymerisation

\[R_p = k_p[\mathrm M]\left(\frac{fk_d[\mathrm I]}{k_t}\right)^{1/2}\]

含义Meaning

稳态下自由基聚合速率与单体浓度一次方、引发剂浓度平方根成正比(“平方根定律”),源于双基终止。

At steady state the rate is first order in monomer and half order in initiator (the square-root law), a consequence of bimolecular termination.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(k_d\)引发剂分解速率常数initiator decomposition rate constants⁻¹
\(f\)引发效率initiator efficiency1
\(k_p, k_t\)链增长、链终止速率常数propagation and termination rate constantsL·mol⁻¹·s⁻¹
\([\mathrm M], [\mathrm I]\)单体、引发剂浓度monomer and initiator concentrationsmol·L⁻¹

推导Derivation

  1. 引发:\(\mathrm I \to 2\mathrm R\cdot\),\(R_i = 2fk_d[\mathrm I]\);增长 \(\mathrm{M}_n\cdot + \mathrm M \to \mathrm M_{n+1}\cdot\);终止 \(2\mathrm M\cdot \to\) 死聚物,\(R_t = 2k_t[\mathrm M\cdot]^2\)。

    Initiation \(R_i = 2fk_d[\mathrm I]\); propagation; termination \(R_t = 2k_t[\mathrm M\cdot]^2\).

  2. 自由基浓度稳态:\(R_i = R_t\) ⇒ \([\mathrm M\cdot] = (fk_d[\mathrm I]/k_t)^{1/2}\)。

    Steady state \(R_i = R_t\) gives \([\mathrm M\cdot]\).

  3. 单体主要消耗于增长:\(R_p = k_p[\mathrm M][\mathrm M\cdot]\)。

    Monomer is consumed by propagation: \(R_p = k_p[\mathrm M][\mathrm M\cdot]\).

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 高转化率时体系黏度上升,k_t 下降,出现自动加速(凝胶效应,特罗姆斯多夫效应)。

    At high conversion viscosity lowers k_t, causing autoacceleration (Trommsdorff gel effect).

  • 链转移、初级自由基终止会改变级数。

    Chain transfer and primary-radical termination alter the orders.