含义Meaning
把两体运动化为一个质量为 μ 的粒子的相对运动。μ 总小于较轻的那个质量;一方很重时 μ ≈ 轻者质量。
Reduces two-body motion to one particle of mass μ moving relative to the centre of mass. μ is always below the lighter mass and approaches it when the other is much heavier.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(m_1, m_2\) | 两原子的质量masses of the two atoms | kg, u |
推导Derivation
两原子受相互作用力 \(F(r)\):\(m_1\ddot{\mathbf r}_1 = \mathbf F\),\(m_2\ddot{\mathbf r}_2 = -\mathbf F\)。
Write Newton’s equations for both atoms.
相对坐标 \(\mathbf r = \mathbf r_1 - \mathbf r_2\):\(\ddot{\mathbf r} = \mathbf F(1/m_1 + 1/m_2)\),即 \(\mu\ddot{\mathbf r} = \mathbf F\)。
For the relative coordinate \(\mu\ddot{\mathbf r} = \mathbf F\).
同一处理用于氢原子(电子–核),使能级乘以 \(\mu/m_e\);H 与 D 的谱线因此有微小位移(同位素位移,导致 1931 年尤里发现氘)。
The same applies to hydrogen, scaling levels by \(\mu/m_e\); the H/D isotope shift led Urey to discover deuterium in 1931.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
只适用于两体问题;多原子分子振动需用简正坐标的 G 矩阵。
Two-body only; polyatomics need normal coordinates (Wilson G matrix).
例题Worked example
¹H³⁵Cl:μ = 1.008×34.97/35.98 = 0.980 u;¹H–¹²⁷I:0.999 u。
¹H³⁵Cl: μ = 0.980 u; ¹H¹²⁷I: 0.999 u.