双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
\[\mu = \frac{m_1 m_2}{m_1 + m_2},\qquad \frac{1}{\mu} = \frac{1}{m_1} + \frac{1}{m_2}\]

含义Meaning

把两体运动化为一个质量为 μ 的粒子的相对运动。μ 总小于较轻的那个质量;一方很重时 μ ≈ 轻者质量。

Reduces two-body motion to one particle of mass μ moving relative to the centre of mass. μ is always below the lighter mass and approaches it when the other is much heavier.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(m_1, m_2\)两原子的质量masses of the two atomskg, u

推导Derivation

  1. 两原子受相互作用力 \(F(r)\):\(m_1\ddot{\mathbf r}_1 = \mathbf F\),\(m_2\ddot{\mathbf r}_2 = -\mathbf F\)。

    Write Newton’s equations for both atoms.

  2. 相对坐标 \(\mathbf r = \mathbf r_1 - \mathbf r_2\):\(\ddot{\mathbf r} = \mathbf F(1/m_1 + 1/m_2)\),即 \(\mu\ddot{\mathbf r} = \mathbf F\)。

    For the relative coordinate \(\mu\ddot{\mathbf r} = \mathbf F\).

  3. 同一处理用于氢原子(电子–核),使能级乘以 \(\mu/m_e\);H 与 D 的谱线因此有微小位移(同位素位移,导致 1931 年尤里发现氘)。

    The same applies to hydrogen, scaling levels by \(\mu/m_e\); the H/D isotope shift led Urey to discover deuterium in 1931.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 只适用于两体问题;多原子分子振动需用简正坐标的 G 矩阵。

    Two-body only; polyatomics need normal coordinates (Wilson G matrix).

例题Worked example

¹H³⁵Cl:μ = 1.008×34.97/35.98 = 0.980 u;¹H–¹²⁷I:0.999 u。

¹H³⁵Cl: μ = 0.980 u; ¹H¹²⁷I: 0.999 u.