含义Meaning
键长固定的双原子分子转动。能级按 J(J+1) 增大,每级 2J+1 重简并;选择定则 ΔJ = ±1,谱线间隔 2B。
Rotation of a diatomic with fixed bond length: levels grow as J(J+1), each (2J+1)-fold degenerate; ΔJ = ±1 gives lines spaced 2B.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(J\) | 转动量子数rotational quantum number | 1 |
| \(I\) | 转动惯量moment of inertia | kg·m² |
| \(B\) | 转动常数(波数)rotational constant (wavenumber) | cm⁻¹ |
| \(r\) | 键长bond length | m |
推导Derivation
两质点绕质心转动等价于质量 μ 的粒子在半径 r 的球面上运动,\(V = 0\)。
Two masses rotating about the centre of mass equal one particle of mass μ on a sphere of radius r.
球面上的角动量本征函数是球谐函数 \(Y_J^{M}\),\(\hat L^2Y = J(J+1)\hbar^2Y\)。
Eigenfunctions are spherical harmonics, \(\hat L^2Y = J(J+1)\hbar^2Y\).
能量 \(E = L^2/2I = J(J+1)\hbar^2/2I\)。
Energy \(E = L^2/2I\).
吸收 J → J+1:\(\tilde\nu = 2B(J+1)\),相邻谱线间隔 2B,由此求键长。
Absorption J → J+1 at \(2B(J+1)\); spacing 2B gives the bond length.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
真实分子转动时键被拉长(离心畸变):\(E = BJ(J+1) - DJ^2(J+1)^2\)。
Centrifugal distortion: \(E = BJ(J+1) - DJ^2(J+1)^2\).
只有具永久偶极矩的分子有纯转动吸收谱(N₂、O₂ 无)。
Pure rotational absorption needs a permanent dipole (not N₂, O₂).
例题Worked example
¹H³⁵Cl:2B = 20.9 cm⁻¹ → B = 10.45 cm⁻¹ → I = 2.68×10⁻⁴⁷ kg·m² → r = 1.28 Å。
¹H³⁵Cl: 2B = 20.9 cm⁻¹ → r = 1.28 Å.