双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
\[E_J = \frac{\hbar^2}{2I}J(J+1) = hcB\,J(J+1),\qquad B = \frac{h}{8\pi^2cI},\quad I = \mu r^2\]

含义Meaning

键长固定的双原子分子转动。能级按 J(J+1) 增大,每级 2J+1 重简并;选择定则 ΔJ = ±1,谱线间隔 2B。

Rotation of a diatomic with fixed bond length: levels grow as J(J+1), each (2J+1)-fold degenerate; ΔJ = ±1 gives lines spaced 2B.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(J\)转动量子数rotational quantum number1
\(I\)转动惯量moment of inertiakg·m²
\(B\)转动常数(波数)rotational constant (wavenumber)cm⁻¹
\(r\)键长bond lengthm

推导Derivation

  1. 两质点绕质心转动等价于质量 μ 的粒子在半径 r 的球面上运动,\(V = 0\)。

    Two masses rotating about the centre of mass equal one particle of mass μ on a sphere of radius r.

  2. 球面上的角动量本征函数是球谐函数 \(Y_J^{M}\),\(\hat L^2Y = J(J+1)\hbar^2Y\)。

    Eigenfunctions are spherical harmonics, \(\hat L^2Y = J(J+1)\hbar^2Y\).

  3. 能量 \(E = L^2/2I = J(J+1)\hbar^2/2I\)。

    Energy \(E = L^2/2I\).

  4. 吸收 J → J+1:\(\tilde\nu = 2B(J+1)\),相邻谱线间隔 2B,由此求键长。

    Absorption J → J+1 at \(2B(J+1)\); spacing 2B gives the bond length.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 真实分子转动时键被拉长(离心畸变):\(E = BJ(J+1) - DJ^2(J+1)^2\)。

    Centrifugal distortion: \(E = BJ(J+1) - DJ^2(J+1)^2\).

  • 只有具永久偶极矩的分子有纯转动吸收谱(N₂、O₂ 无)。

    Pure rotational absorption needs a permanent dipole (not N₂, O₂).

例题Worked example

¹H³⁵Cl:2B = 20.9 cm⁻¹ → B = 10.45 cm⁻¹ → I = 2.68×10⁻⁴⁷ kg·m² → r = 1.28 Å。

¹H³⁵Cl: 2B = 20.9 cm⁻¹ → r = 1.28 Å.