含义Meaning
高温极限下的转动配分函数。对称数 σ 计入转动后不可区分的取向(CO 为 1,N₂、CO₂ 为 2,NH₃ 为 3,CH₄ 为 12)。
High-temperature rotational partition function; the symmetry number σ counts indistinguishable orientations (CO 1, N₂/CO₂ 2, NH₃ 3, CH₄ 12).
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(B, A, C\) | 转动常数rotational constants | cm⁻¹ |
| \(\sigma\) | 对称数symmetry number | 1 |
| \(\Theta_\text{rot} = hcB/k_\mathrm{B}\) | 转动特征温度rotational temperature | K |
推导Derivation
线形转子 \(q = \sum_J (2J+1)e^{-hcBJ(J+1)/k_\mathrm{B}T}\)。
Linear rotor sum over (2J+1)e^{−hcBJ(J+1)/kT}.
\(T \gg \Theta_\text{rot}\) 时换成积分,令 \(x = J(J+1)\),\(dx = (2J+1)dJ\):\(q = \int_0^\infty e^{-hcBx/k_\mathrm{B}T}dx = k_\mathrm{B}T/hcB\)。
For \(T \gg \Theta_\text{rot}\) integrate with x = J(J+1).
同核分子只允许一半的 J(核自旋统计),等效于除以 σ = 2。
Homonuclear molecules allow only half the J values, equivalent to dividing by σ = 2.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
H₂ 等 \(\Theta_\text{rot}\) 较高(85 K)的分子在低温下需精确求和,并考虑正、仲氢。
For H₂ (Θ_rot = 85 K) sum exactly at low T and treat ortho/para separately.
例题Worked example
CO:B = 1.93 cm⁻¹,Θ_rot = 2.78 K,298 K 时 q_rot ≈ 107。
CO: Θ_rot = 2.78 K; q_rot ≈ 107 at 298 K.