双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
研究生Graduate 统计热力学 Statistical thermodynamics

转动配分函数Rotational partition function

\[q_\text{rot} \approx \frac{k_\mathrm{B}T}{\sigma hcB} = \frac{T}{\sigma\Theta_\text{rot}}\ (\text{线形分子}),\qquad q_\text{rot} = \frac{\sqrt\pi}{\sigma}\left(\frac{k_\mathrm{B}T}{hc}\right)^{3/2}\frac{1}{\sqrt{ABC}}\ (\text{非线形})\]\[q_\text{rot} \approx \frac{k_\mathrm{B}T}{\sigma hcB} = \frac{T}{\sigma\Theta_\text{rot}}\ (\text{linear molecule}),\qquad q_\text{rot} = \frac{\sqrt\pi}{\sigma}\left(\frac{k_\mathrm{B}T}{hc}\right)^{3/2}\frac{1}{\sqrt{ABC}}\ (\text{non-linear})\]

含义Meaning

高温极限下的转动配分函数。对称数 σ 计入转动后不可区分的取向(CO 为 1,N₂、CO₂ 为 2,NH₃ 为 3,CH₄ 为 12)。

High-temperature rotational partition function; the symmetry number σ counts indistinguishable orientations (CO 1, N₂/CO₂ 2, NH₃ 3, CH₄ 12).

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(B, A, C\)转动常数rotational constantscm⁻¹
\(\sigma\)对称数symmetry number1
\(\Theta_\text{rot} = hcB/k_\mathrm{B}\)转动特征温度rotational temperatureK

推导Derivation

  1. 线形转子 \(q = \sum_J (2J+1)e^{-hcBJ(J+1)/k_\mathrm{B}T}\)。

    Linear rotor sum over (2J+1)e^{−hcBJ(J+1)/kT}.

  2. \(T \gg \Theta_\text{rot}\) 时换成积分,令 \(x = J(J+1)\),\(dx = (2J+1)dJ\):\(q = \int_0^\infty e^{-hcBx/k_\mathrm{B}T}dx = k_\mathrm{B}T/hcB\)。

    For \(T \gg \Theta_\text{rot}\) integrate with x = J(J+1).

  3. 同核分子只允许一半的 J(核自旋统计),等效于除以 σ = 2。

    Homonuclear molecules allow only half the J values, equivalent to dividing by σ = 2.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • H₂ 等 \(\Theta_\text{rot}\) 较高(85 K)的分子在低温下需精确求和,并考虑正、仲氢。

    For H₂ (Θ_rot = 85 K) sum exactly at low T and treat ortho/para separately.

例题Worked example

CO:B = 1.93 cm⁻¹,Θ_rot = 2.78 K,298 K 时 q_rot ≈ 107。

CO: Θ_rot = 2.78 K; q_rot ≈ 107 at 298 K.