含义Meaning
Λ 为热德布罗意波长。常温下 \(q_\text{trans}\) 极大(约 \(10^{30}\) 量级每升),意味着平动能级几乎连续,经典处理很好。
Λ is the thermal de Broglie wavelength. At room temperature q_trans is enormous (~10³⁰ per litre), so translational levels are effectively continuous.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\Lambda\) | 热波长thermal wavelength | m |
| \(V\) | 容器体积volume | m³ |
| \(m\) | 分子质量molecular mass | kg |
推导Derivation
三维箱中能级 \(\varepsilon = \frac{h^2}{8mL^2}(n_x^2 + n_y^2 + n_z^2)\),三个方向独立:\(q = q_x^3\)。
Box levels separate in x, y, z: \(q = q_x^3\).
能级极密,把求和换成积分:\(q_x = \int_0^\infty e^{-n^2h^2/8mL^2k_\mathrm{B}T}dn = \frac{L}{h}\sqrt{2\pi mk_\mathrm{B}T}\)(高斯积分)。
Replace the sum by a Gaussian integral: \(q_x = (L/h)\sqrt{2\pi mk_\mathrm{B}T}\).
立方得 \(q = V/\Lambda^3\)。
Cubing gives \(q = V/\Lambda^3\).
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
要求 \(\Lambda \ll\) 分子间距;否则(极低温、高密度,如液氦、电子气)进入量子简并区。
Needs Λ ≪ intermolecular spacing; otherwise quantum degeneracy sets in.
例题Worked example
N₂ 在 298 K:Λ = 19 pm;1 L 中 q ≈ 1.4×10³¹。
N₂ at 298 K: Λ = 19 pm; q ≈ 1.4×10³¹ in 1 L.