双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
研究生Graduate 放射性衰变与核结构 Radioactive decay & nuclear structure

魏茨泽克半经验质量公式Semi-empirical mass formula (Weizsäcker)

\[E_B = a_VA - a_SA^{2/3} - a_C\frac{Z(Z-1)}{A^{1/3}} - a_A\frac{(A - 2Z)^2}{A} + \delta(A, Z)\]

含义Meaning

把原子核看作带电液滴(1935):体积能、表面能、库仑能、对称能和对能五项,给出结合能随 A、Z 的总体趋势,解释了稳定线、裂变能和 β 稳定性。

The charged-liquid-drop model (1935): volume, surface, Coulomb, asymmetry and pairing terms reproduce the trend of binding energy with A and Z, explaining the valley of stability, fission energetics and β stability.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(a_V \approx 15.8\)体积项系数volume coefficientMeV
\(a_S \approx 17.8\)表面项surfaceMeV
\(a_C \approx 0.71\)库仑项CoulombMeV
\(a_A \approx 23.7\)对称项asymmetryMeV
\(\delta \approx \pm 11.2/\sqrt A\)对能(偶偶 +,奇奇 −,奇 A 为 0)pairing (+ even–even, − odd–odd, 0 odd A)MeV

推导Derivation

  1. 核力短程且饱和,每个核子只与近邻作用,结合能 ∝ A(体积项)。

    Short-range saturating forces give binding ∝ A.

  2. 表面核子邻居少,扣除 ∝ 表面积 \(A^{2/3}\)。

    Surface nucleons have fewer neighbours: subtract ∝ \(A^{2/3}\).

  3. 质子间库仑排斥:均匀带电球能量 \(\propto Z(Z-1)/R\),\(R \propto A^{1/3}\)。

    Coulomb repulsion of a charged sphere ∝ \(Z(Z-1)/A^{1/3}\).

  4. 泡利原理使 N ≠ Z 不利(对称项);成对核子额外稳定(对能)。

    Pauli makes N ≠ Z costly; pairs are extra stable.

  5. 对固定 A 求 \(\partial E_B/\partial Z = 0\) 得稳定线 \(Z \approx A/(1.98 + 0.0155A^{2/3})\)。

    Maximising over Z at fixed A gives the stability line.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 不含壳层效应:幻数(2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126)附近的额外稳定需壳模型解释。

    No shell effects: magic numbers need the shell model.