含义Meaning
把原子核看作带电液滴(1935):体积能、表面能、库仑能、对称能和对能五项,给出结合能随 A、Z 的总体趋势,解释了稳定线、裂变能和 β 稳定性。
The charged-liquid-drop model (1935): volume, surface, Coulomb, asymmetry and pairing terms reproduce the trend of binding energy with A and Z, explaining the valley of stability, fission energetics and β stability.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(a_V \approx 15.8\) | 体积项系数volume coefficient | MeV |
| \(a_S \approx 17.8\) | 表面项surface | MeV |
| \(a_C \approx 0.71\) | 库仑项Coulomb | MeV |
| \(a_A \approx 23.7\) | 对称项asymmetry | MeV |
| \(\delta \approx \pm 11.2/\sqrt A\) | 对能(偶偶 +,奇奇 −,奇 A 为 0)pairing (+ even–even, − odd–odd, 0 odd A) | MeV |
推导Derivation
核力短程且饱和,每个核子只与近邻作用,结合能 ∝ A(体积项)。
Short-range saturating forces give binding ∝ A.
表面核子邻居少,扣除 ∝ 表面积 \(A^{2/3}\)。
Surface nucleons have fewer neighbours: subtract ∝ \(A^{2/3}\).
质子间库仑排斥:均匀带电球能量 \(\propto Z(Z-1)/R\),\(R \propto A^{1/3}\)。
Coulomb repulsion of a charged sphere ∝ \(Z(Z-1)/A^{1/3}\).
泡利原理使 N ≠ Z 不利(对称项);成对核子额外稳定(对能)。
Pauli makes N ≠ Z costly; pairs are extra stable.
对固定 A 求 \(\partial E_B/\partial Z = 0\) 得稳定线 \(Z \approx A/(1.98 + 0.0155A^{2/3})\)。
Maximising over Z at fixed A gives the stability line.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
不含壳层效应:幻数(2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126)附近的额外稳定需壳模型解释。
No shell effects: magic numbers need the shell model.