含义Meaning
把原子核拆成自由核子所需的能量,等于质量亏损乘 c²。每核子结合能在 ⁵⁶Fe、⁶²Ni 附近最大(约 8.8 MeV),所以轻核聚变、重核裂变都放出能量。
The energy to separate a nucleus into free nucleons, equal to the mass defect times c². Binding per nucleon peaks near ⁵⁶Fe/⁶²Ni (~8.8 MeV), so both fusion of light nuclei and fission of heavy ones release energy.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\Delta m\) | 质量亏损mass defect | u |
| \(m_\mathrm H\) | ¹H 原子质量 1.007825 u(自动计入电子)mass of ¹H atom 1.007825 u (includes electrons) | u |
| \(m_n\) | 中子质量 1.008665 uneutron mass 1.008665 u | u |
推导Derivation
质能关系 \(E = mc^2\):结合放出能量,体系质量减少。
By \(E = mc^2\), binding releases energy and lowers the mass.
用原子质量(含电子)计算时,Z 个质子取 Z 个 ¹H 原子质量,电子质量自动抵消(忽略电子结合能)。
With atomic masses use Z ¹H atoms so electron masses cancel.
1 u = 1.66054×10⁻²⁷ kg,乘 c² 得 931.494 MeV。
1 u × c² = 931.494 MeV.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
化学反应中的质量变化约 10⁻⁹ 相对量,不可测;核反应中约 10⁻³。
Chemical mass changes (~10⁻⁹) are unmeasurable; nuclear ones are ~10⁻³.
例题Worked example
⁴He:Δm = 2×1.007825 + 2×1.008665 − 4.002603 = 0.030377 u → E_B = 28.30 MeV,每核子 7.07 MeV。
⁴He: Δm = 0.030377 u → E_B = 28.30 MeV (7.07 MeV per nucleon).