双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 放射性衰变与核结构 Radioactive decay & nuclear structure

原子核结合能与质量亏损Nuclear binding energy and mass defect

\[E_B = \Delta m\,c^2 = \left[Z m_\mathrm{H} + (A - Z)m_n - m_\text{原子}\right]c^2,\qquad 1\ \mathrm u\cdot c^2 = 931.494\ \mathrm{MeV}\]\[E_B = \Delta m\,c^2 = \left[Z m_\mathrm{H} + (A - Z)m_n - m_\text{atoms}\right]c^2,\qquad 1\ \mathrm u\cdot c^2 = 931.494\ \mathrm{MeV}\]

含义Meaning

把原子核拆成自由核子所需的能量,等于质量亏损乘 c²。每核子结合能在 ⁵⁶Fe、⁶²Ni 附近最大(约 8.8 MeV),所以轻核聚变、重核裂变都放出能量。

The energy to separate a nucleus into free nucleons, equal to the mass defect times c². Binding per nucleon peaks near ⁵⁶Fe/⁶²Ni (~8.8 MeV), so both fusion of light nuclei and fission of heavy ones release energy.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\Delta m\)质量亏损mass defectu
\(m_\mathrm H\)¹H 原子质量 1.007825 u(自动计入电子)mass of ¹H atom 1.007825 u (includes electrons)u
\(m_n\)中子质量 1.008665 uneutron mass 1.008665 uu

推导Derivation

  1. 质能关系 \(E = mc^2\):结合放出能量,体系质量减少。

    By \(E = mc^2\), binding releases energy and lowers the mass.

  2. 用原子质量(含电子)计算时,Z 个质子取 Z 个 ¹H 原子质量,电子质量自动抵消(忽略电子结合能)。

    With atomic masses use Z ¹H atoms so electron masses cancel.

  3. 1 u = 1.66054×10⁻²⁷ kg,乘 c² 得 931.494 MeV。

    1 u × c² = 931.494 MeV.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 化学反应中的质量变化约 10⁻⁹ 相对量,不可测;核反应中约 10⁻³。

    Chemical mass changes (~10⁻⁹) are unmeasurable; nuclear ones are ~10⁻³.

例题Worked example

⁴He:Δm = 2×1.007825 + 2×1.008665 − 4.002603 = 0.030377 u → E_B = 28.30 MeV,每核子 7.07 MeV。

⁴He: Δm = 0.030377 u → E_B = 28.30 MeV (7.07 MeV per nucleon).