双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 表面、胶体与传递过程 Surfaces, colloids & transport

杨氏方程(接触角)Young's equation (contact angle)

\[\gamma_{sg} = \gamma_{sl} + \gamma_{lg}\cos\theta,\qquad W_a = \gamma_{lg}(1 + \cos\theta)\]

含义Meaning

液滴在固体表面达到平衡时三相界面张力的平衡(1805)。θ < 90° 为润湿(亲液),θ > 90° 为不润湿(疏液),θ > 150° 为超疏水(荷叶效应)。

Balance of the three interfacial tensions at the contact line (1805): θ < 90° wetting, θ > 90° non-wetting, θ > 150° superhydrophobic (lotus effect).

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\gamma_{sg}, \gamma_{sl}, \gamma_{lg}\)固–气、固–液、液–气界面张力solid–gas, solid–liquid, liquid–gas tensionsN·m⁻¹
\(\theta\)接触角contact angle°
\(W_a\)黏附功(杜普雷)work of adhesion (Dupré)J·m⁻²

推导Derivation

  1. 三相线沿表面移动 dA:自由能变化 \(dG = (\gamma_{sl} - \gamma_{sg})dA + \gamma_{lg}\cos\theta\,dA\)。

    Moving the contact line by dA changes G by \((\gamma_{sl} - \gamma_{sg} + \gamma_{lg}\cos\theta)dA\).

  2. 平衡时 dG = 0,即得杨氏方程(也可看成水平方向力的平衡)。

    Setting dG = 0 gives Young’s equation (a horizontal force balance).

  3. 结合杜普雷式 \(W_a = \gamma_{sg} + \gamma_{lg} - \gamma_{sl}\) 得杨–杜普雷方程。

    With Dupré’s W_a this gives Young–Dupré.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 适用于理想光滑、均匀、刚性表面;粗糙表面用文策尔或卡西–巴克斯特模型,实际存在接触角滞后。

    Ideal smooth homogeneous surfaces; roughness needs Wenzel or Cassie–Baxter, and real surfaces show hysteresis.