色谱法Chromatography

组分在两相间的分配系数 K = c_s/c_m 越大，保留越强，迁移越慢。按流动相分为气相色谱（GC）、液相色谱（LC）和超临界流体色谱（SFC）；按固定相形式分为柱色谱、薄层色谱和纸色谱；按分离机理分为吸附色谱、分配色谱、离子交换色谱、尺寸排阻色谱（凝胶色谱）和亲和色谱。分离效率用理论塔板数 N 和塔板高度 H 衡量，范第姆特方程 H = A + B/u + Cu 描述了涡流扩散、纵向扩散和传质阻力的影响。

The larger a component's partition coefficient K = c_s/c_m, the more strongly it is retained and the slower it moves. By mobile phase there are gas (GC), liquid (LC) and supercritical-fluid (SFC) chromatography; by format, column, thin-layer and paper chromatography; by mechanism, adsorption, partition, ion-exchange, size-exclusion (gel) and affinity chromatography. Efficiency is measured by the number of theoretical plates N and plate height H, and the van Deemter equation H = A + B/u + Cu describes eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion and mass-transfer resistance.

1906 年俄国植物学家米哈伊尔·茨维特用碳酸钙填充的玻璃柱、以石油醚洗脱分离植物色素，得到不同颜色的谱带，命名为 chromatography（希腊语“颜色书写”）。1941 年马丁和辛格发明分配色谱，并提出塔板理论，1952 年获诺贝尔化学奖；1952 年詹姆斯和马丁发明气相色谱；1960 年代末高效液相色谱出现。

In 1906 the Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet separated plant pigments on a glass column of calcium carbonate eluted with petroleum ether, obtaining coloured bands, and named the method chromatography, Greek for 'colour writing'. In 1941 Martin and Synge invented partition chromatography and the plate theory, sharing the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry; James and Martin invented gas chromatography in 1952; and high-performance liquid chromatography emerged in the late 1960s.

色谱法是现代分析化学和分离提纯的核心技术：有机合成中用柱色谱纯化产物、用薄层色谱监测反应；药物质量控制、食品中农残和添加剂检测、环境污染物分析、兴奋剂检测、法医毒物分析、蛋白质纯化、石油成分分析都离不开色谱。与质谱联用（GC-MS、LC-MS）可同时实现分离和鉴定。

Chromatography is central to modern analysis and purification: column chromatography purifies synthetic products and TLC monitors reactions; drug quality control, pesticide and additive testing in food, environmental analysis, doping control, forensic toxicology, protein purification and petroleum analysis all depend on it. Coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, LC-MS) it separates and identifies at once.